Production of long-lived atomic vapor inside high-density buffer gas

Abstract

Atomic vapor of four different paramagnetic species: gold, silver, lithium, and rubidium, is produced and studied inside several buffer gases: helium, nitrogen, neon, and argon. The paramagnetic atoms are injected into the buffer gas using laser ablation. Wires with diameters 25, 50, and $100\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{m}$ are used as ablation targets for gold and silver; bulk targets are used for lithium and rubidium. The buffer gas cools and confines the ablated atoms, slowing down their transport to the cell walls. Buffer gas temperatures between 20 and 295 K and densities between ${10}^{16}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{19}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ are explored. Peak paramagnetic atom densities of ${10}^{11}\text{ }{\text{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ are routinely achieved. The longest observed paramagnetic vapor density decay times are 110 ms for silver at 20 K and 4 ms for lithium at 120 K. The candidates for the principal paramagnetic-atom loss mechanism are impurities in the buffer gas, dimer formation, and atom loss on sputtered clusters.