Abstract
The properties and the applications of the main monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, and the three xylene isomers) and the industrial processes for their manufacture from fossil raw materials are summarized. Potential ways for their production from renewable sources with thermo-catalytic processes are described and discussed in detail. The perspectives of the future industrial organic chemistry in relation to the production of high-octane bio-gasolines and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as renewable chemical intermediates are discussed.
Highlights
Benzene, toluene, and xylenes, and their derivative styrene, are among the top 15 petrochemicals in terms of market [7] and are applied as building blocks for producing a large number of secondary intermediates and final products [8]. As we review these compounds are produced today in large amounts from fossil raw materials
10% of benzene is nitrated to nitrobenzene, manufactured in order to produce be later converted into phenol, to produce explosives, and aniline, which may be transformed into methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), whichby is the monomer for producing polyurethane plastics and fibers and other specialty applications
Benzol is a mixture of hydrocarbons produced by condensation of coke oven gas, in which benzene itself of hydrocarbons produced by condensation of coke oven gas, in which benzene itself predominates (65–90%), the total aromatic content being up to 98%
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Even if this chemistry some environmental problems [14], its role in developing materials and molecules for our contributes to some environmental problems [14], its role in developing materials and common life is enormous [15]. The final product is polystyrene, which is a very common plastic material in daily life, as detailed below Such as in toothbrushes, wear pads, wheels, gloves, guitar strings and pics, tennis racket strings, medical implants, electrical connectors, fishing line, tents, gears, etc. 10% of benzene is nitrated to nitrobenzene, manufactured in order to produce be later converted into phenol, to produce explosives (trinitrotoluene, TNT), and aniline, which may be transformed into methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), whichby is the monomer for producing polyurethane plastics and fibers and other specialty applications. Around 3% is converted into linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) to produce sulfonates (LASs), which are the most common detergents for laundry machines
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