Abstract
Flavonoids, including maackiain (Maac) from Sophora flavescens Aiton roots, have many pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. This research aimed to develop an in vitro plant and callus culture system for S. flavescens for the purpose of generating an alternative production system for enhancing Maac production, as Maac is usually present in very small amounts in S. flavescens’ roots. We arranged the optimal conditions of different tissues of S. flavescens and supplemented the medium with various plant growth regulators (PGRs). The highest induction and proliferation rates of callus was shown in combination treatments of all concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) and picloram. In addition, calli induced with leaf explants cultured on 2.0 mg/L picloram and 0.5 mg/L 6-benzyladenine (BA) in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium had the highest accumulation of the active metabolite Maac. In vitro shoots were regenerated on medium containing combinations of TDZ and α-Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). A reliable protocol for the mass production of secondary metabolites using a callus culture of S. flavescens was successfully established.
Highlights
Medicinal and aromatic plants may heal and cure human diseases and have gained worldwide attention as alternative therapies due to their efficacy and safety with few associated side effects [1].Isolated bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are used directly or semi-synthetically as food additives, flavors, cosmetics, and other industrially important biochemicals [2,3]
Norton et al [27] assessed germination rates between 24- and 40-year-old and fresh Sophora seeds, and found that Sophora seeds retained their viability after prolonged storage, long periods of storage dramatically decreased the germination rates compared with fresh seeds
We found that the induction rate of calli, according to the cytokinin type, was the highest in the medium containing TDZ and was relatively low in that containing kinetin; while, for the auxins, the callus induction rate was highest in the medium containing picloram, followed by 2,4-D, and the lowest rate was in the medium containing
Summary
Medicinal and aromatic plants may heal and cure human diseases and have gained worldwide attention as alternative therapies due to their efficacy and safety with few associated side effects [1].Isolated bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic and polyphenolic compounds are used directly or semi-synthetically as food additives, flavors, cosmetics, and other industrially important biochemicals [2,3]. The root of S. flavescens has been commonly used for improvement of asthma, sores, allergies, and inflammation as well as for treating diarrhea, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and eczema [4,5]. Flavonoids, such as prenylated or lavandulylated flavanones, and a series of lupin alkaloids from S. flavescens’ roots have many attractive pharmacological properties, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities [6,7]. Maackiain (Maac) is a flavonoid metabolite classified as a derivative of pterocarpan and is present in very small amounts in the S. flavescens’ root
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