Abstract
Different reaction mechanisms contribute to the production of light fragments (LF) from nuclear reactions. Available models cannot accurately predict emission of LF from arbitrary reactions. However, the emission of LF is important for many applications, such as cosmic-ray-induced single event upsets, radiation protection, and cancer therapy with proton and heavy-ion beams, to name just a few. The cascade-exciton model (CEM) and the Los Alamos version of the quark-gluon string model (LAQGSM), as implemented in the CEM03.03 and LAQGSM03.03 event generators used in the Los Alamos transport code MCNP6, describe quite well the spectra of fragments with sizes up to 4He across a broad range of target masses and incident energies. However, they do not predict high-energy tails for LF heavier than 4He. The standard versions of CEM and LAQGSM do not account for preequilibrium emission of LF larger than 4He. The aim of our work is to extend the preequilibrium model to include such processes. We do this by including the emission of fragments heavier than 4He at the preequilibrium stage, and using an improved version of the Fermi Break-up model, providing improved agreement with various experimental data.
Highlights
Emission of light fragments (LF) from nuclear reactions is an interesting open question
The standard versions of cascade-exciton model (CEM) and LAQGSM do not account for preequilibrium emission of LF larger than 4 He
The standard versions of the CEM and LAQGSM event generators do not account for precompound emission of these heavier LF
Summary
Emission of light fragments (LF) from nuclear reactions is an interesting open question. They do not predict high-energy tails for LF heavier than 4 He. The standard versions of CEM and LAQGSM do not account for preequilibrium emission of LF larger than 4 He. The aim of our work is to extend the preequilibrium model to include such processes.
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