Production of bovine hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as a promising biomaterial via mechanochemical and sonochemical methods

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sonochemical and milling nanoparticulate techniques using HA of bovine origin. The starting powders were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (75 μm). Sonication was performed with 40% of the maximum amplitude (750 W) and 20 Hz in an aqueous solution (4 h). The milling technique used a polyethylene jug loaded with 40 vol% milling elements placed in a rotatory mill (104 rpm, 48 h), then in a vibratory mill (72 h). The results revealed that the final average grain size of HA was 40 nm for the milling technique and 60 nm for the sonication (TEM). FTIR analysis showed a broad band at 1300–500 cm−1, and similar peaks without HA bond degradation, regardless of the two forms of HA nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed peaks equivalent to those of synthetic and animal HA. In addition, the equivalence between the method peaks demonstrated non-degradation of structural. The same chemical characteristics between groups were also observed in the EDX samples. We concluded that both methods were able to decrease the size of particles preserving the crystal structure, but the milling method produced smaller particles.