Production of Biodiesel from Non Edible Cottonseed Oil by Mechanical Stirrer Technique

Abstract

In present day there is hefty demand of new and reliable alternative fuel which gives better exhaust emissions and performance on internal combustion engine. There are mainly two types of fuel that are used prominently in I.C. engines, first is gasoline like fuel which support to spark ignition engine and second that is used for compression ignition engines. The biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel which supports to the diesel engines. The biodiesel can be produced by several numbers of feed stocks like vegetable oil, animal fats and yellow greases etc. In present researcher work the cottonseed oil (CSO) which belong to Malvaceae, the marsh mallow family, is converted to biodiesel from mechanical stirring technique. This biodiesel has been tested on a constant speed agricultural engine and found to be lower in smoke generation and almost equivalent to petro diesel on performance parameters. During the last century, the utilization of energy has improved a lot due to the change in the living style and the considerable growth of population. This increase of energy stipulate has been complete by the use of fossil resources, which caused the crises of the fossil fuel diminishing, the raise in its price and the serious environmental impacts as global warming, acidification, deforestation, ozone shrinking, Eutrophication and photochemical pollution. As fossil fuels are fine sources of energy, this increasing demand for energy has lead to a search for alternative sources of energy that would be economically efficient, socially reasonable, and environmentally sound. The transport sector is a major consumer of petroleum fuels such as diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG). Demand for transport fuels has risen considerably throughout the past few decades. The demand for transport fuel has been escalating and expectations are that this trend will continue unchanged for the coming decades. In fact, with a worldwide increasing number of vehicles and a rising demand of emerging economies, demand will probably rise even harder. The usual scarcity of petroleum supplies and the harmful environmental penalty of fossil fuels have spurred the search for renewable transportation bio fuels. Bio fuels show to be a solution to alternative fossil fuels because, resources for it will not run out, they are becoming cost wise determined with fossil fuels, they appear to be more green friendly and they are rather accessible to allocate and use as applicable transportation requirement and technologies exists and are readily available. The prospective view on bio fuels appear to be huge from an economical, supporting and environmental perspective. The energy content of bio fuels differs from conventional fuels. Total energy output per litter of bio fuel is determined by the feedstock used, province where the feedstock is grown and production techniques applied. Biodiesel production is a very modern and scientific area for researchers as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. (1) In this paper the researcher work on cottonseed oil biodiesel, is compared to petroleum diesel fuel. The cottonseed crop is a fast growing plant with long productive life span of 3-4 months, its ability to survive on drought and poor soils at average and high temperature up to 44°C and a low temperature of up to 4°C cotton was the third biggest of the crops grown worldwide, as measured by acreage: soybean was 47%, occupying 75.4 million hectares; biotech maize (51.00 million hectares at 32%), biotech cotton (24.7 million hectares at 15%) and biotech canola (8.2 million hectares at 5%). The cotton plant (genus Gossypium) is a member of the Malvaceae, or mallow, family. In its native form, cotton grows as a perennial, but it is cultivated as an annual crop in the United States. There are dozens of cotton species native to both the Eastern and Western hemispheres and the use of cotton fibbers can be traced back thousands of years in present-day Peru and Egypt. Fibbers grow from and are attached to the seeds, which are contained within a capsule called a boll that forms after the cotton plant flowers. As the plant matures, the bolls open to expose the fibbers and seeds (Figure 1). While propagation of the cotton plant is driven by demand for fibber to make cloth, the seeds of the cotton plant are also valuable as a food source. Oil extracted from the seeds is used for human consumption and the residual meal is fed to livestock. In recent years, uncrushed cottonseed also has been provided directly to cattle as feed. The typical ratio of seed to fibber (lint) is 3 to 2 by weight. In order for either to have value, the lint and