Abstract
The valorization of eggshell waste as bio-calcium oxide is crucial for pollution prevention and supporting sustainable development. There are several reports on the thermal conversion of eggshell waste to calcium oxide for the partial or complete substitution of natural lime applications. However, this paper reports the thermal decomposition of large amounts of hatchery eggshell waste on an industrial-scale car bottom furnace for the first time. The hatchery eggshell waste was sundried and placed into five stacked trays in the car bottom furnace. The calcination of the eggshell waste was conducted at 900°C for 3 and 4 h under an atmosphere of air. Both the physical and chemical properties of the eggshell samples and the bio-quicklime products were carefully examined by TGA, SEM, XRD, FTIR, and XRF. The results demonstrate that the purity of calcium oxide in the quicklime products increased from 79% to 87% upon increasing the calcination time from 3 to 4 h. However, the color of the calcined eggshell samples at the surface of the pile was white while the color of the product beneath the surface was black or dark gray. The purity of the calcium oxide of both the black and white calcined samples was 76.4% and 91.5%, respectively. These results indicate the limited efficacy of the car bottom furnace for thermal decomposition of the large amount of eggshell waste to calcium oxide. Additionally, the production cost of bio-calcium oxide is approximately twice the cost of industrial grade lime. For further industrial applications, the furnace should contain the mixing equipment for improving the thermal decomposition of the large pile of eggshell waste. Furthermore, the oil burner system may be used in order to reduce fuel costs.
Highlights
The global consumption of eggs and chicken meat has dramatically increased in the past few years, since both are a great dietary source for humans
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) curve obtained for the eggshell alone shows thermal stability up to 630°C, where the total mass loss of approximately 4.5% is ascribed to both the trace organic material present in the shell and the organic waste adhered to the shell
A distinct thermal decomposition process occurring in the range of 630°C to 820°C with a mass loss of 43% corresponds to the decomposition of calcium carbonate into carbon dioxide and calcium oxide residue
Summary
The global consumption of eggs and chicken meat has dramatically increased in the past few years, since both are a great dietary source for humans. The production of eggs and chicken meat both generate several waste materials, including wastewater and solid hatchery waste. Solid hatchery waste comprises empty eggshells, dead embryos, dead chicken, and viscous liquid from decaying tissue and eggs [2]. JRM, 2022, vol., no.4 about 876,000 tons and most of this waste is usually discarded in landfills, requiring high management costs [3]. This large amount of waste leads to several environmental impacts, e.g., odor nuisance, ground water pollution, and social conflict. Valorization or recycling of the eggshell waste as a secondary raw material could possibly reduce these environmental problems and the cost of production, and help support the sustainable production of the chicken industry [4]
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