Production of an eco-friendly, effective antimicrobial and antifungal from cerium/natural bio-hydroxyapatite coating for titanium plates suitable for bone augmentation

Abstract

As a promising technique for rebuilding bone defects, materials having enhanced osteoductivity and antimicrobial and fungi effects have been used for bone replacement. Accordingly, the present study aims to develop a sintered titanium (Ti) plate prepared by the cold isostatic press (CIP) coated with nano bio-natural hydroxyapatite (n-HA) via freeze-drying technique for bone substitution. Moreover, the influence of cerium chloride heptahydrate doping with different concentrations of 0.5, 2, and 8 wt% was evaluated for enhancing the osteogeneration process and antibacterial activity on titanium (Ti) plates instead of antibiotic-loaded. Physical properties showed that the n-HA/2%CeCl3 coat is the most suitable concentration with an appropriate porosity of 73.43 ± 3.52 compared to porous n-HA coating Ti plate with a porosity of 90.38 ± 0.27. The biological activity (in-vitro) study in terms of following up the apatite nucleation on the blank Ti plate and Ti/n-HA/2 % CeCl3 surfaces after immersions in SBF for up to 28 days showed the formation of spherical clusters from carbonated apatite particles on the sample's surface, with a Ca/P ratio equal to 2.26. The cytotoxicity test was examined using a bone osteosarcoma cell line (HOS). The final results confirmed minimal cytotoxicity for the plate coated with n-HA/2 % CeCl3 (3.6 %). Cell attachment results indicate the potential of the cells to adhere and spread on the surface. In addition, the antimicrobial assessment of n-HA/2 % CeCl3 coated Ti plates showed broad-spectrum activity against not only the gram-positive or gram-negative but also fungal ones.