Production and utilization of green ammonia for decarbonizing the energy sector with a discrete focus on Sustainable Development Goals and environmental impact and technical hurdles

Abstract

Green ammonia produced from renewable sources with little to no carbon emissions is considered as a carbon-free energy. Specifically, ammonia is an attractive energy carrier because of its high energy density, comparatively low-cost, and ease of liquefaction and storage. Ammonia generated worldwide is being used majorly as fertilizer however, in recent days, it has drawn more interest as a potential energy source and direct fuel in three key sectors namely electricity, transport, and heating. However, using green ammonia in diverse sectors has numerous challenges and limitations. Thus, this review aims to address the significance and application of green ammonia in the hydrogen energy sector and techno hurdles and environmental impact assessment of green ammonia utilization. At the outset, the importance of green ammonia and its utilization as a hydrogen energy carrier, the Power-to-ammonia-to-power (P2A2P) system, and the role of green ammonia in the Sustainable Development Goals were critically discussed. In the succeeding chapter, green ammonia's technological obstacles and its environmental impact were extensively articulated with state-of-the-art articles to lay a roadmap for decarbonizing the environment/energy sector by successfully utilizing ammonia as a hydrogen energy carrier/carbon-free green energy.