Abstract
The present study is concerned with the production of biodiesel produced from used cooking groundnut oils using alkali trans-esterification reaction. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out on the biodiesel produced and the presence of methyl esters and their various functional groups were detected. The Physico-chemical properties of the biodiesels produced were also carried out and most of the properties conformed to ASTM standards. The biodiesel samples were tested in a 165F- Horizontal Single Cylinder Direct Injection Diesel Engine at Bayero University Kano (BUK), Kano State, Nigeria, investigating parameters such as: Brake power, Specific fuel consumption and Brake mean effective pressure. The exhaust gas was analysed in an NHA-506EN automotive gas analyzer, from Nigerian Institute of Transport Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, where parameters such as hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) were all analyzed. The results showed that the oil from frying yam yielded 87.5% while that from frying fish yielded 94% and the biodiesels produced conformed to most of the Physico-chemical properties according to the ASTM standards. Also, the engine results demonstrated that there was improved brake power and mean effective pressure but the specific fuel consumptions were higher than that of the control sample. Lastly, the exhaust gas emissions results showed that there were significant reductions in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon IV oxide (CO2) and hydrocarbon emissions showing us that biodiesel is more eco-friendly.
Highlights
Insufficient energy is a major factor responsible for the setback of industrialization in developing economies, especially in Nigeria
Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) results The results of methyl esters percentage contents of the biodiesel products were analyzed by the Gas Chromatrography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) of the biodiesel produced from used cooking oil from frying yam as “sample A” and used cooking oil from frying fish as “sample B”
After a carefully carried out research, conclusions were drawn that the biodiesels produced from the transesterification of used cooking oil from frying yam which yielded 87.5% and used cooking oil from frying fish which yielded 94% are viable sources of renewable energy because the trans-esterified used cooking oils met the necessary criteria for standard biodiesel as defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM D6751
Summary
Insufficient energy is a major factor responsible for the setback of industrialization in developing economies, especially in Nigeria. According to Roger (2014), diesel fuel and other greenhouse gas emissions are potential causative agents of most chronic diseases such as chronic cancer, heart attack and arrhythmias which often leads to an untimely death. These consist of carbon IV oxides (CO2), carbon II oxides (CO) sulfur IV oxides (SO2), oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Polyaromatics Hydrocarbons (PAHs), Ozone (O3) and Particulates Matters (PM). Trans-esterification method has been widely used to produce biodiesel. It is essentially a chemical process where vegetable oils and fats react with alcohol to produce fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerol. The ratio can be higher for maximum yield at the FUDMA Journal of Sciences (FJS) Vol 4 No 2, June, 2020, pp 658 - 672
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