Abstract
The demand for mineral resources has dramatically increased over the past few decades; this increase directly correlates to an increase in underground mining activity. There are different mining methods for different minerals, and each have their risks. In hard rock mining activities such as mining for gold, rockfalls are the most significant deterrent to obtaining mineral resources. This paper focuses on rock reinforcement systems to prevent fatal rockfalls in underground excavations. Presently, there is a global steel shortage and an increase in prices that has impacted the productivity of the mining operations that support most national economies. The paper’s main objective is to present the improvement of a rock bolt design used to support the roof in underground mining activities and keep working personnel and equipment safe from rockfalls. This study presents two rock bolt designs: a preliminary design and an improved model of the rock bolt. The paper discusses the operation of the rock bolt and provides laboratory test results on the bolt in operation. The principle of operation of the yield bolt is based on the science of radial expansion of hollow tubes in tension, to provide integrity to underground excavations. This functional design of the rock bolt requires less steel and has the same performance as the current rock reinforcement elongates. The research methodology involved interviewing rock mining engineers to determine their desired rock reinforcement device that would adequately meet the unpredictable dynamic and static behavior of underground rocks. The methodology also included experimental tests of a rock bolt design that was aimed at meeting the desired and acceptable performance determined from the interviews. The experimental results were obtained from a 60-ton hydraulic press that simulated seismic activity underground. The experimental results showed several modes of failure for the bolt; however, the improved rock bolt yielded at an average of 200 kN, as designed. During testing of the preliminary bolt design, there were failures that resulted from the manufacturing process of the bolt, such as splitting of the tube due to the welded end components. After a dynamic test, the preliminary bolt tube bent, creating huge forces on the tube which may cause fracture. The coefficient of friction during dynamic testing was lower than during static testing, leading to undesirable results for the preliminary bolt. The optimized bolt design addressed the failures and the low yield tonnage of the preliminary bolt design. It successfully yielded at 20 tons, even during the dynamic event. The bolt had similar alignment issues which caused failure during testing, as can be seen from the results. A guide tube was implemented in the design and the manufacturing process changed; these changes resulted in the bolt having a more reliable performance that met the requirements throughout.
Highlights
During the 20th century, there have been tremendous developments in technological devices. These developments have aided the exponential growth of world economies and rapid industrialization throughout the globe [1]
The development of these technological devices requires mineral resources to be extracted from the earth, raising the demand for Mining 2021, 1 devices requires mineral resources to be extracted from the earth, raising the demand for mineral resourcesworldwide
The results show an unacceptably low yield tonnage and do not meet the performance requirement
Summary
During the 20th century, there have been tremendous developments in technological devices. These developments have aided the exponential growth of world economies and rapid industrialization throughout the globe [1]. The development of these technological devices requires mineral resources to be extracted from the earth, raising the demand for Mining 2021, 1 devices requires mineral resources to be extracted from the earth, raising the demand for mineral resourcesworldwide. The top three deepest underground excavations are for gold mining ever before [1]. The top three deepest underground excavations are for gold mining and are and areinfound SouthMponeng. Mponeng at aofdepth of 3.84 km, is the deepest, found
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