Abstract
Procyanidins are an important group of bioactive molecules known for their benefits to human health. These compounds are promising in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as they prevent cell damage related to oxidative stress. It is necessary to study effective extraction methods for the recovery of these components. In this review, advances in the recovery of procyanidins from agro-industrial wastes are presented, which are obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction. Current trends focus on the extraction of procyanidins from seeds, peels, pomaces, leaves and bark in agro-industrial wastes, which are extracted by ultrasound. Some techniques have been coupled with environmentally friendly techniques. There are few studies focused on the extraction and evaluation of biological activities of procyanidins. The identification and quantification of these compounds are the result of the study of the polyphenolic profile of plant sources. Antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory activity are presented as the biological properties of greatest interest. Agro-industrial wastes can be an economical and easily accessible source for the extraction of procyanidins.
Highlights
This review focuses on eco-friendly recovery methods of proanthocyanidins, procyanidins, and monomeric and polymeric forms through ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) (Table 3)
The authors suggest that the ultrasound method may constitute an effective strategy to modify the structure of polyphenolic compounds in grape seeds, allowing the formation of procyanidin oligomers and polymers with antioxidant activity, that apparently could happen by the breaking of linkages with proteins and/or polysaccharides [189]
The results showed that the adsorption and desorption capacity of procyanidins on the resin were higher with the resin XAD-7HP
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Tannins are a class of heterogeneous phytochemicals of high molecular weight (500–3000 Daltons) They represent an important niche market for the food and chemical industry due to their biological potential [1]. Inclusion criteria were procyanidins, condensed tannins, agro-industrial wastes, biological activity, and extraction methods. Comparisons are presented between the conventional methods (infusion, maceration, percolation) and the environmentally friendly methods (UAE, MAE, ASE, HE, HR) In this axis three subcategories are presented: effects of extraction variables, optimization of extraction variables and biological activity of these compounds. The second is to identify and discussed environmentally friendly extraction strategies for these compounds obtained from agro-industrial wastes. The information found suggests fields for further study and encourages research to continue exploring the discovery of new chemical structures from renewable sources
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