Abstract
In this research article, wood based microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) was studied to gain a better understanding of the process of dependent network formation. Networking potential and obtained properties of the produced dimensional structures could be controlled using opted processing routes. The fabricated dimensional structure, using freeze-drying (FD) is a highly open and porous network (98% porosity) compared to slightly tight, dense and less porous network produced after pressing at 200kN (96% porosity), followed by vacuum-filtered (VF) networks (33% porosity). The porosity (17%) was further decreased when the casting (CS) method was used, further producing a highly dense and compressed network. High water flux (180.8 ± 11 L/m2h) of pressed freeze-dried (PFD) followed by vacuum-filtered (VF) (11.4 ± 1.9 L/m2h) and casting CS (0.7 ± 0.01 L/m2h) were calculated using device. Furthermore, increased water flux (1.4 fold) of Experimental Paper Machine (XPM) based structures was reported in comparison with CS structures. Pore-sized distribution and surface area were measured using Hg porosimetry; they showed an average pore size of 16.5 μm for FD, followed by PFD (8.2 μm) structures. A 27-fold decrease in average pore-size was observed for CS structure in comparison with the FD structures. Highest tensile strength (87 ± 21 MPa) was recorded for CS structures, indicating a more highly compacted network formation compared to VF (82 ± 19 MPa) and PFD (1.6 ± 0.06 MPa). Furthermore, an attempt was made to upscale the VF structures using traditional paper making approach on XMP. Improved tensile strength (73 ± 11 MPa) in machine produced structures is due to alignment of fibers towards machine direction compared to cross directional (43 ± 9 MPa) fractured structures as shown in our Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. Surface functionalization of MFC using enzyme (hexokinase) was performed to increase the adsorption efficiency towards ferric ions removal. All fabricated structures were further evaluated for Fe(iii) removal and it was summarized that charge densities of functional groups, produced ζ-potential and networking potential were dominating influential factors for adsorption fluctuation of ferric ions.
Highlights
Www.nature.com/scientificreports of renewable cellulose, together with its known potential as a platform for deriving functional and structural materials means that it is widely used, albeit primarily in low-tech applications
We have reported that freeze-dried structures made up of wood derived CNC as functional entity in chitosan (9:1 ratio), have very low tensile strength (≈2 MPa). indicates that produced structure[14] have a weak networking potential
High interlocking points might be responsible for narrow pore size distribution and these findings are in support of a previously published study, where CNC based structures were produced using casting; where the produced networking potential of films was so high that zero water flux was recorded at 1 MPa of applied pressure[12]
Summary
Www.nature.com/scientificreports of renewable cellulose, together with its known potential as a platform for deriving functional and structural materials means that it is widely used, albeit primarily in low-tech applications. The effect of the surface chemistry of MFC (charge densities of functional groups, surface ζ-potential etc.) and networking potential on the adsorption performance of structures as well as the mechanism of removal of ferric ions was evaluated using Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Change in charge density and surface ζ-potential of fabricated dimensional structures compared to its suspension counterpart is required to be addressed to understand the possible fluctuation in adsorption efficiency using produced structures.
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