Abstract
The key to improving the energy conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells lies in the optimization of the film morphology. The optical and electrical properties of the perovskite film, such as light absorption, carrier diffusion length, and charge transport, are all directly affected by the film morphology. Therefore, this review starts from the perovskite solar cells structure, and it summarizes the state-of-art perovskite film fabrication technologies and the caused film morphology to the performance perovskite solar cells. The spin coating method has an enormous waste of materials and only a small area of the device can be utilized. It is difficult to be used in commercial manufacturing. However, due to the high efficiency of this preparation method, it is irreplaceable in the initial research and development of perovskite materials, and so this method will be popular for a long time in the laboratory. Chemical vapor deposition and thermal vapor deposition have high technical requirements and a good repeatability of processing and manufacturing, and large-scale production can be realized. It may be the first technology to admit industrial application; the scratch coating method and slot-die have significant technical aspects. The similarity of the roll-to-roll manufacturing technology is also an efficient preparation method. Still, to achieve high-efficiency devices, it is necessary to consider the thickness control of each functional layer, and to find or prepare perovskite paste. Finally, we summarized the various fabrication processes and the prospects for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. We predict that to achieve the commercialization of perovskite solar cells, the existing fabrication technologies should be optimized and more studies should be conducted.
Highlights
Perovskite has the general formula of ABX3, where A is an organic or metal cation (e.g., MA+, FA+, Cs+), B is a metal cation (e.g., Pb2+, Sn2+), and X is a halogen (e.g., Cl−, Br−, I−)
We summarized the state-of-the-art fabrication processes and the effects on the perovskite film morphology
We try to elaborate on the advantages and disadvantages of the various fabrication processes and evaluate the prospects for large-scale fabrication to realize the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs)
Summary
Perovskite has the general formula of ABX3, where A is an organic or metal cation (e.g., MA+, FA+, Cs+), B is a metal cation (e.g., Pb2+, Sn2+), and X is a halogen (e.g., Cl−, Br−, I−). With the enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE), the various fabrication process have been investigated (Yang et al, 2018a) There is another means to fix the morphology regarding the perovskite layer which could increase the optoelectronic properties. Cheng et al developed a surface-textured perovskite film utilizing gas-assisted fabrication strategy, a textured CH3NH3PbI3 morphology formed via a thin mesoporous TiO2 layer that is seeding This textured morphology includes a multitiered nanostructure, which provides enormous upgrades in the charge extraction and lightharvesting of the solar cell (Pascoe et al, 2016). We discuss in detail the preparation methods and processes of large-area perovskites, such as vapor-assisted solution method, thermal vapor deposition, roll-to-roll fabrication techniques, inkjet printing, doctor-blade coating, slot-die coating, and spray-coating These methods are the mainstream methods in the current research work, and we hope that the summary of these works will be helpful to the work of researchers in the perovskite field
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