Abstract
The fate of coastal wetlands and their ecosystem services is dependent upon maintaining substrate elevations within a tidal frame that is influenced by sea-level rise. Development and application of morphodynamic models has been limited as few empirical studies have measured the contribution of key processes to surface elevation change, including mineral and organic matter addition, autocompaction of accumulating sediments and deep subsidence. Accordingly, many models presume that substrates are in equilibrium with relative sea-level rise (RSLR) and the composition of substrates are relatively homogenous. A 20-year record of surface elevation change and vertical accretion from a large tidal embayment in Australia coupled with analyses of inundation frequency and the character of sediments that have accumulated above mean sea level was analyzed to investigate processes influencing surface elevation adjustment. This study confirms the varying contribution of addition, decomposition and compression of organic material, and mineral sediment consolidation. Autocompaction of substrates was proportional to the overburden of accumulating sediments. These processes operate concurrently and are influenced by sediment supply and deposition. Vertical accretion was linearly related to accommodation space. Surface elevation change was related to vertical accretion and substrate organic matter, indicated by carbon storage above mean sea level. Surface elevation change also conformed to models that initially increase and then decrease as accommodation space diminishes. Rates of surface elevation change were largely found to be in equilibrium with sea-level rise measured at the nearest tide gauge, which was estimated at 3.5 mm y–1 over the period of measurements. As creation of new accommodation space with sea-level rise is contrary to the longer-term history of relative sea-level stability in Australia since the mid-Holocene, striking stratigraphic variation arises with deeper sediments dominated by mineral sands and surficial sediments increasingly fine grained and having higher carbon storage. As the sediment character of substrates was found to influence rates of surface elevation gain, we caution against the unqualified use of models derived from the northern hemisphere where substrates have continuously adjusted to sea-level rise and sediment character is likely to be more homogenous.
Highlights
The influence of accelerating sea-level rise (SLR) (Church et al, 2013) on tidal dynamics has directed attention to the fate of saline coastal wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide (Reed, 1990; Morris et al, 2002; Krauss et al, 2014)
This study established that a range of processes influence autocompaction; these processes vary spatially, are proportional to vertical accretion, and can feasibly be modeled with reference to accommodation space or depth below high water
Surface elevation change was related to vertical accretion and substrate organic matter, as indicated by carbon storage above mean sea level
Summary
The influence of accelerating sea-level rise (SLR) (Church et al, 2013) on tidal dynamics has directed attention to the fate of saline coastal wetlands and the ecosystem services they provide (Reed, 1990; Morris et al, 2002; Krauss et al, 2014). The response of coastal wetlands to SLR is dependent upon feedbacks between hydrodynamics, sedimentation, plant productivity, sediment diagenesis, and organic matter decomposition (Pethick, 1981; Allen, 2000; Morris et al, 2002; Alongi, 2008) These feedbacks influence wetland substrate elevations and are important when considering the fate of coastal wetlands exposed to rising sea level. Allen (2000) conceptualized a relatively simple one dimensional model describing substrate elevation adjustment relative to a moving tidal frame that is influenced by SLR ( E) In this model, the change in tidal position of a wetland surface is attributed to the addition of mineral sediment ( Smin) and organic material ( Sorg), and the degree of change due to autocompaction ( P). In the context of this model, the variable M incorporates available accommodation space created by both eustatic, tectonic and isostatic processes influencing relative SLR, whilst P describes the additional accommodation space created by autocompaction
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