Abstract
Simple SummaryThe consumption of soy products increases worldwide and generates large amounts of by-products, which are often discarded. Okara is a soybean by-product with high nutritional value. This work evidenced the great potential of okara meal, after appropriate technological processing, to be used as feed ingredient in Nile tilapia diets. It was clearly demonstrated the effectiveness of the autoclave and the use of proteases from C. cardunculus without fermentation to increase okara nutrient bioavailability. The inclusion of up to 20% okara meal in diets for tilapia did not affect growth performance, nutrient utilization, or whole body composition compared to a reference diet. Flesh quality remained largely unaffected, although fish fed with AOK diets had the highest density of muscle fibers.The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of differently processed okara meals were assessed in Nile tilapia diets: dried okara not autoclaved (FOK), dried okara autoclaved (AOK), okara hydrolyzed with Alcalase (ALOK) or Cynara cardunculus proteases (CYOK), and hydrolyzed okara fermented with lactic bacteria: Lactobacillus rhamnosus R11 (CYR11OK) or Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 (CYB12OK). Okara processing significantly affected nutrient digestibility: dry matter ADC was highest in CYR11OK (80%) and lowest in FOK (40%). The lowest protein digestibility was observed in CYR11OK (72%), and the highest in AOK (97%) and CYOK (91%), evidencing the effectiveness of the autoclave and the use of C. cardunculus proteases to increase okara protein bioavailability. The inclusion of up to 20% of AOK or CYOK did not affect fish growth, nutrient utilization, or whole body composition of Nile tilapia. The flesh quality (color, pH, water activity, cohesiveness, elasticity and resilience) was not affected by the dietary incorporation of AOK or CYOK. Fish fed with AOK diets stand out for their high density of muscle fibers, particularly in AOK20, which can explain their high muscle firmness and may result in further hypertrophic growth. Altogether, results suggest that hydrolyzed or autoclaved okara are valuable ingredients for Nile tilapia diets.
Highlights
The soybean is an important oilseed consumed worldwide, especially in Asian countries [1]
The crude protein content of the differently processed okara meals ranged from 19% to 32%, crude fat varied between 9% and 17%, and gross energy from 20 to 23 kJ g−1
The protein apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) was high for all diets (85 to 90%), but the CYR11OK-d showed a significantly lower value compared to the REF-d, whereas AOK-d had the highest ADC value
Summary
The soybean is an important oilseed consumed worldwide, especially in Asian countries [1]. Soybean meal has high nutritional value [3] and is the feedstuff most widely used by the aquaculture industry. Soybean meal contains a range of antinutritional substances, such as phytic acid, protease inhibitors, and saponins [4,5], that often limits its dietary inclusion level. The high inclusion of soybean in fish diets can result in the limitation of certain essential amino acids, reduce nutrient digestibility and diet palatability [6], and can be associated with fish intestinal abnormalities [7]. In the last years, the aquaculture industry has been looking for suitable and more sustainable ingredients to include in aquafeeds [9,10,11]
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