Procedure for the quantification of rider peaks

Abstract

Rider peaks are small peaks which are not well resolved from a large and asymmetrical neighbour but sit on its trailing side. The usual case is a large, tailed peak which is eluted just in front of the small peak, although the opposite situation can also occur (a small peak in front of a large peak with fronting). The common integration techniques, i.e. separating the peaks by vertical drop or by a tangent and determining area or height, give erroneous results. We propose a method for their quantification with low error. It is necessary to set up a “two-dimensional” calibration by varying both concentrations, i.e. of the large peak and of the rider. This leads to a series of linear equations which describe the rider size, as found by the integrator, as a function of the size of the large peak. The y-axis intercepts i of these equations show a linear relationship with the concentration x of the rider analyte, whereas the slopes s follow a quadratic relationship. These equations can be used to solve the equation y= s( x)· z+ i( x) for x ( y and z are the integrated peak size of the rider and the large peak, respectively). The procedure was tested with computer-generated peak pairs as well as with HPLC separations of 2,3-dimethylaniline (large tailing peak) and 2,3-dimethylphenol (symmetrical rider peak).