Problems in assessing insecticidal control of Amnemus species (Coleoptera. Curculionidae) in clover pastures of north coastal New South Wales

Abstract

Results are presented of 15 experiments made in north coastal districts of New South Wales from 1957 to 1961 with insecticides against the weevils Amnemus quadrituberculatus (Boh.) and A. superciliaris (Pasc.), the larvae of which have been reported as pests attacking the roots of clover (Trifolium repents, T. pratense and T. subterraneum) there. The adults live above ground, and single surface applications of insecticides were made to pastures in the form of dusts, granules or dilutions of emulsifiable concentrates in January, when maximum numbers of weevils were present and before significant oviposition had taken place. Insecticidal control was assessed by soil sampling for larvae in July–August, during the following winter. Pasture cuts were made in an attempt to assess the effect of treatments on the yield of clover.Dieldrin at rates of 2 and 4 lb. per acre gave near eradication of Amnemus for one year, and satisfactory control was obtained with 1 lb. per acre. Aldrin, endosulfan (Thiodan) and BHC were less effective, and limited tests with heptachlor suggested that it was inferior to dieldrin. The scanty results available suggest that dieldrin is effective against Amnemus for only one year, but it is doubtful if annual applications are warranted. Owing to the patchy distribution of clover in the pastures, only one experiment showed an increased yield of clover associated with the reduction in numbers of larvae of Amnemus brought about by the application of 1 lb. dieldrin per acre. Similarly, poor persistence of clover on all plots prevented assessment of any residual effect on yield in the second year.No method was found by which accurate estimates could be made of the density and distribution of adults of Amnemus in pastures to which insecticides were to be applied. Treatments, therefore, were replicated more frequently than was needed statistically in order to ensure that measurable levels of larval infestation were present at sufficient sites.Small plots (500–700 sq. ft.) proved of little value, and this is attributed not only to contamination of control plots but possibly also to the death of weevils that moved from untreated into treated plots. Large plots (13,000–21,000 sq. ft.) gave the most consistent results in assessment of insecticides.Control of Amnemus did not increase the productivity or persistence of clover, and it is concluded that any benefits from control are unlikely to be significant unless other factors, such as competition from grasses, drought, floods, nematodes and diseases of clover, which affected the density and persistence of clover in these experiments, are not limiting.