Problems and urban sustainable development in wetlands based on the thermal conditions

Abstract

Indonesia’s landscape surrounded by oceans causes weather anomalies from the Indian and Pacific oceans. In the dry season, drought causes frequent forest and land fires. Forest and land fire is a problem for the government and society. The causes of forest and land fires in 2019, according to BMKG, are El Nino and La Nina (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and the influence of wind movement (Monsoon). Forest and land fires are closely related to climate and weather conditions. WWF Indonesia said that fires in wetlands, especially peatlands, are alarming. In Sumatra and Kalimantan, peatland fires reached an average of 32.1% and 25.1%. Peat contains fuel (plant residues) below the surface, as a result, fires in peatlands spread below the surface of the soil slowly and are difficult to detect and cause thick smoke. The phenomenon of drought in wetlands especially peatlands has been proven to cause forest and land fires. Based on this condition, it is necessary to conduct research related to the thermal conditions of the peat environment, especially the surface thermal conditions in the swamp. This research is important to know the thermal characteristics of swamps so that urban problems due to thick smoke can be identified. This research is quantitative research based on measurement data collected from the field study. This research was conducted in 2 provinces and 3 cities in Kalimantan: Banjarmasin, Kapuas, and Pulang Pisau. This location was chosen because the city is located in wetlands and is often affected by forest and land fires. The measurement results show high thermal conditions during the day when the intensity of solar radiation is also high around 1400 watts / m2.