Abstract
The aim. The aim of the work was to analyze the pharmaceutical fragments as components of the global problem of antibiotic resistance, to evaluate this aspect from the point of view of applied ecopharmacy and to propose solutions to this issue.
 Materials and methods. Research materials – the results of a survey of pharmacy specialists. Analytical-comparative, system, logical, mathematical-statistical methods and the method of expert survey of specialists were used. At the first stage of the study, an expert survey of practical pharmacy workers was conducted in order to identify fixed points of correlation between such components as «practical pharmacy» – «antibiotic resistance» – «ecopharmacy». The second stage included the identification of positions at which it is necessary to develop additional informational training activities aimed at reducing antibiotic resistance.
 Results. According to the results of an expert survey of specialists of the pharmaceutical sector of Ukraine (Kharkiv, Poltava, Vinnytsia, Chernihiv regions) on key issues of antibiotic resistance from the position of ecopharmacy, it was established that over 90 % of antibacterial drugs are sold without a prescription and are not accompanied by adequate pharmaceutical care. The awareness of pharmacy specialists of the potential dangers from uncontrolled intake of antibacterial drugs rises with an increase in their level of professional competence. Not one of the respondents during the release of an antibacterial drug does not indicate how to dispose of the remaining doses of the drug, what danger does the improper utilization of unsuitable antibiotics to the ecosystem of the region.
 Conclusions. According to the results of the research conducted among practical pharmacy experts, conclusions can be drawn about the low level of awareness of the impact of antibacterial drugs on the ecology of the environment; identified key positions for which additional information is needed (antibiotic resistance, ecopharmacy, pharmaceutical care), not only in the form of planned advanced training courses, but also additionally in the format of distance education, seminars, conferences
Highlights
Antibiotic resistance has become the most problematic issue of modern medicine over the past decade, which represents a significant threat to human health and life, and radical measures are needed to reduce the risks associated with the resistance genes to antibiotics
It should be noted that the probiotic drug must comply with international guidelines [16]: – registered as a drug, – contains at least 1 billion colony forming units (CFU), – the strain that is part of the probiotic is registered in official or international collections (ATCC collections); – the strain has been accredited «safe» (GRAS) from the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or has a status of «Qualified presumption of safety» from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); – have clinical studies
Along with being aware of the serious medical consequences of uncontrolled intake of antibiotics, specialists in the pharmaceutical sector of all surveyed institutions have no idea about possible environmental pollution by metabolites and / or unsuitable antibacterial drugs
Summary
Antibiotic resistance has become the most problematic issue of modern medicine over the past decade, which represents a significant threat to human health and life, and radical measures are needed to reduce the risks associated with the resistance genes to antibiotics. The largest study was conducted in the period of autumn 2015 – autumn 2016, in seven European countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Finland and Norway) was published in 2019. It included the determination of more than 50 antibiotic residues in wastewater, analysis of 229 resistance genes and 25 mobile genetic elements [3]
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