Abstract
Probiotics when applied in complex evolving (micro-)ecosystems, might be selectively beneficial or detrimental to pathogens when their prophylactic efficacies are prone to ambient interactions. Here, we document a counter-intuitive phenomenon that probiotic-treated zebrafish (Danio rerio) were respectively healthy at higher but succumbed at lower level of challenge with a pathogenic Vibrio isolate. This was confirmed by prominent dissimilarities in fish survival and histology. Based upon the profiling of the zebrafish microbiome, and the probiotic and the pathogen shared gene orthogroups (genetic niche overlaps in genomes), this consequently might have modified the probiotic metabolome as well as the virulence of the pathogen. Although it did not reshuffle the architecture of the commensal microbiome of the vertebrate host, it might have altered the probiotic-pathogen inter-genus and intra-species communications. Such in-depth analyses are needed to avoid counteractive phenomena of probiotics and to optimise their efficacies to magnify human and animal well-being. Moreover, such studies will be valuable to improve the relevant guidelines published by organisations such as FAO, OIE and WHO.
Highlights
Probiotics when applied in complex evolvingecosystems, might be selectively beneficial or detrimental to pathogens when their prophylactic efficacies are prone to ambient interactions
In practice, as probiotics are surrounded by dynamic vulnerableecosystems affected significantly by versatile biotic, abiotic, spatial, temporal and anthropogenic backgrounds, the potential antagonism of probiotics agaist pathogens might be subject to change
To decipher the influence of a probiotic against various loads of a pathogen on a vertebrate host, so as to steer and galvanize its beneficial efficacies, typical probiotic and pathogenic isolates belonging to well-known groups of microorganisms, i.e. lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Vibrionaceae, respectively, were used to establish an indicative interaction model in the aquatic animal model with zebrafish (Danio rerio) (Fig. 1)
Summary
Probiotics when applied in complex evolving (micro-)ecosystems, might be selectively beneficial or detrimental to pathogens when their prophylactic efficacies are prone to ambient interactions. We document a counter-intuitive phenomenon that probiotic-treated zebrafish (Danio rerio) were respectively healthy at higher but succumbed at lower level of challenge with a pathogenic Vibrio isolate. Based upon the profiling of the zebrafish microbiome, and the probiotic and the pathogen shared gene orthogroups (genetic niche overlaps in genomes), this might have modified the probiotic metabolome as well as the virulence of the pathogen It did not reshuffle the architecture of the commensal microbiome of the vertebrate host, it might have altered the probiotic-pathogen intergenus and intra-species communications. Such in-depth analyses are needed to avoid counteractive phenomena of probiotics and to optimise their efficacies to magnify human and animal well-being. Safety and/or pathogenicity evaluation of the representative LAB and Vibrionaceae isolates (in vitro and/or in vivo)
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