Abstract
Nephrolithiasis ranks third among urological diseases in terms of prevalence, making up about 15% of cases. The continued increase in the incidence of nephrolithiasis is most probably due to changes in eating habits (high protein, sodium, and sugar diets) and lifestyle (reduced physical activity) in all developed countries. Some 80% of all kidney stones cases are oxalate urolithiasis, which is also characterized by the highest risk of recurrence. Frequent relapses of nephrolithiasis contribute to severe complications and high treatment costs. Unfortunately, there is no known effective way to prevent urolithiasis at present. In cases of diet-related urolithiasis, dietary changes may prevent recurrence. However, in some patients, the condition is unrelated to diet; in such cases, there is evidence to support the use of stone-related medications. Interestingly, a growing body of evidence indicates the potential of the microbiome to reduce the risk of developing renal colic. Previous studies have primarily focused on the use of Oxalobacter formigenes in patients with urolithiasis. Unfortunately, this bacterium is not an ideal probiotic due to its antibiotic sensitivity and low pH. Therefore, subsequent studies sought to find bacteria which are capable of oxalate degradation, focusing on well-known probiotics including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, Eubacterium lentum, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli.
Highlights
Nephrolithiasis is characterized by the presence of insoluble deposits in the urinary tract, so-called stones, that obstruct the proper urine flow
Campieri et al [80] found that a mixture of freeze-dried Lactobacillus strains (L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, and L. brevis), B. infantis, and S. thermophilus, administered as a daily dose at 8 × 1011 CFU, caused a significant reduction in the urinary excretion of oxalate, i.e., by about 40% (55.5 ± 19.6 mg/24 h reduced to 35.5 ± 15.9 mg/24 h), in six patients with idiopathic calcium oxalate urolithiasis and mild hyperoxaluria after four weeks probiotic therapy [80]
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in probiotic bacteria which are capable of degrading oxalate
Summary
Nephrolithiasis is characterized by the presence of insoluble deposits in the urinary tract, so-called stones, that obstruct the proper urine flow. These deposits are a result of increased calcium, oxalic acid, phosphate, urate, and cystine levels in the urine. Between 1970 and 2000, in Minnesota (the United States), the male to female ratio of kidney stone incidents reduced from 3.1 to 1.3 [6] This increase in the frequency of nephrolithiasis in women might be due to changes in lifestyle and diet causing obesity, a known risk factor for deposit formation in the urinary tract [7]. Urolithiasis recurrence contributes to the development of several complications, Type of Risk Factors.
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