Abstract
The shellfish aquaculture industry has dramatically developed during the last two decades. However, this development has, in some cases, resulted in environmental degradation, emergence of diseases and low productivity. The need for improving disease resistance, growth performance, feed efficiency, and safe aquatic production for human consumption has stimulated development and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. Probiotics used in shellfish aquaculture include genera of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Bacillus, Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Arthrobacter, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Paenibacillus, Phaeobacter, Pseudoalteromonas, Pseudomonas, Rhodosporidium, Roseobacter, Streptomyces and Vibrio. The beneficial effects of these probiotics include improved growth performance, enzymatic contribution to nutrition, inhibition of adherence and colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract, modulation of the gut microbiota, and increase haematological parameters and immune response.The present review addressed insight into the application of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture, methods of administration, mode of actions, and their enhancing effects, and discuss research gaps and issues that merit further investigations.
Highlights
In the 1970s and 1980s antibiotics were commonly used in disease control
The word probiotic stems from the Greek roots pro and bios, or “profile” (Schrezenmeir & de Vrese, 2001), and several definitions of probiotics have been put forward since the first definition was given by Lilly and Stillwell (1965), but the most widely used is the definition by World Health Organisation's (WHO); “live microorganisms that when administrated in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host”
Even though information was presented in the above mention reviews, the present review address to present an update on probiotics in shellfish aquaculture, and on probiotics data not mention in the aforementioned reviews
Summary
In the 1970s and 1980s antibiotics were commonly used in disease control. the indiscriminate use of antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases led to selective pressure of antibiotic resistance, a property that may be transferred to other bacteria (Cabello, 2006; Romero, Feijoó, & Navarrete, 2012). It is generally accepted that antibiotics administration in finfish and shellfish modulate the gut microbiota (Ringø et al, 2016), which in turn exerts negative effects on humans (Greenless, 2013; Salyers, Gupta, & Wang, 2014). Based on this fact, the European Union in 2003 banned the use of antibiotics in production. The first studies on the use of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture was carried out by Maeda and Liao The first studies on the use of probiotics in shellfish aquaculture was carried out by Maeda and Liao (1992, pp. 25–29) and Nogami and Maeda (1992), using bacterial strain PM-4 originally isolated from a crustacean culture pond, but since numerous studies have been carried out
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