Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been recognized as having key importance in obesity- and metabolic-related diseases. Although there is increasing evidence of the potential benefits induced by probiotics in metabolic disturbances, there is a lack of large cross-sectional studies to assess population-based prevalence of probiotic intake and metabolic diseases. Our aim was to evaluate the association of probiotic ingestion with obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A cross-sectional study was designed using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2014. Probiotic ingestion was considered when a subject reported consumption of yogurt or a probiotic supplement during the 24-h dietary recall or during the Dietary Supplement Use 30-Day questionnaire. We included 38,802 adults and 13.1% reported probiotic ingestion. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension was lower in the probiotic group (obesity-adjusted Odds Ratio (OR): 0.84, 95% CI 0.76–0.92, p < 0.001; hypertension-adjusted OR: 0.79, 95% CI 0.71–0.88, p < 0.001). Accordingly, even after analytic adjustments, body mass index (BMI) was significantly lower in the probiotic group, as were systolic and diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly higher in the probiotic group for the adjusted model. In this large-scale study, ingestion of probiotic supplements or yogurt was associated with a lower prevalence of obesity and hypertension.
Highlights
Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that plays a central role in the progression of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [1]
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a major program of the National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS), which is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the detailed methodology is described in the literature [16]
The odds of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia for participants exposed to yogurt or to probiotic supplements alone were similar to the odds for
Summary
Obesity is a pro-inflammatory state that plays a central role in the progression of several diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [1]. Gut microbiota regulate intestinal permeability and an increase in the translocation of lipopolysaccharide-containing gut microbiota increases the inflammatory state, which is named metabolic endotoxemia, accompanied by weight gain and insulin resistance [10] Understanding this interplay between gut microbiota and the host has created interest in shaping microbiota to prevent, treat, or delay obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic-associated complications. Probiotics are food components or supplements with living microorganisms that confer health advantages to the host [11]; specific strains have been increasingly studied as a potential therapeutic approach to shape gut microbiota composition, with possible benefits for weight control and diabetes management [12,13,14,15]. Our aim was to assess the association of probiotic ingestion, through yogurt or supplements, with the prevalence of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances, namely type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia
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