Abstract

High-harmonic spectroscopy (HHS) is an emerging tool for probing the structure of molecules in ultrafast timescale. Here, through numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, we show that the present procedures in HHS cannot be directly applied to molecular ions such as with large internuclear distances R. For the latter, besides the ground state, the excited state of the system also contributes importantly to the harmonic emission. A simple model based on developed strong-field approximations and quantum-orbit theory is proposed, which allows us to extract the structural and dynamical information of molecular ions with large R from the harmonic spectra obtained with considering only the contributions of the short trajectory. Our work gives suggestions on tracing the bond length of a molecular orbital in a chemical reaction as the molecule is stretched to large R.

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