Probing the Chemical Steps of Nitroalkane Oxidation Catalyzed by 2-Nitropropane Dioxygenase with Solvent Viscosity, pH, and Substrate Kinetic Isotope Effects

Abstract

Among the enzymes that catalyze the oxidative denitrification of nitroalkanes to carbonyl compounds, 2-nitropropane dioxygenase is the only one known to effectively utilize both the neutral and anionic (nitronate) forms of the substrate. A recent study has established that the catalytic pathway is common to both types of substrates, except for the initial removal of a proton from the carbon of the neutral substrates [Francis, K., Russell, B., and Gadda, G. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 5195-5204]. In the present study, the mechanistic properties of the enzyme have been investigated with solvent viscosity, pH, and kinetic isotope effects. With nitroethane or ethylnitronate, the kcat/Km and kcat values were independent of solvent viscosity, consistent with the substrate and product binding to the enzyme in rapid equilibrium. The abstraction of the proton from the alpha carbon of neutral substrates was investigated by measuring the pH dependence of the D(kcat/KNE) value with 1,1-[2H2]-nitroethane. The formation of the enzyme-bound flavosemiquinone formed during catalysis was examined by determining the pH dependence of the kcat/Km values with ethylnitronate and nitroethane and the inhibition by m-nitrobenzoate. Finally, alpha-secondary kinetic isotope effects with 1-[2H]-ethylnitronate were used to propose a non-oxidative tautomerization pathway, in which the enzyme catalyzes the interconversion of nitroalkanes between their anionic and neutral forms. The data presented suggest that enzymatic turnover of 2-nitropropane dioxygenase with neutral substrates is limited by the cleavage of the substrate CH bond at low pH, whereas that with anionic substrates is limited by the non-oxidative tautomerization of ethylnitroante to nitroethane at high pH.