Abstract
Recent years have seen huge advancements in the methods available and used in neuroscience employing EEG or MEG. However, the standard approach is to average a large number of trials for experimentally defined conditions in order to reduce intertrial-variability, i.e., treating it as a source of “noise.” Yet it is now more and more accepted that trial-to-trial fluctuations bear functional significance, reflecting fluctuations of “brain states” that predispose perception and action. Such effects are often revealed in a pre-stimulus period, when comparing response variability to an invariant stimulus. However such offline analyses are disadvantageous as they are correlational by drawing conclusions in a post hoc-manner and stimulus presentation is random with respect to the feature of interest. A more direct test is to trigger stimulus presentation when the relevant feature is present. The current paper introduces Constance System for Online EEG (ConSole), a software package capable of analyzing ongoing EEG/MEG in real-time and presenting auditory and visual stimuli via internal routines. Stimulation via external devices (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation) or third-party software (e.g., PsyScope X) is possible by sending TTL-triggers. With ConSole it is thus possible to target the stimulation at specific brain states. In contrast to many available applications, ConSole is open-source. Its modular design enhances the power of the software as it can be easily adapted to new challenges and writing new experiments is an easy task. ConSole is already pre-equipped with modules performing standard signal processing steps. The software is also independent from the EEG/MEG system, as long as a driver can be written (currently two EEG systems are supported). Besides a general introduction, we present benchmark data regarding performance and validity of the calculations used, as well as three example applications of ConSole in different settings. ConSole can be downloaded at: http://console-kn.sf.net.
Highlights
Rationale An increasing amount of electrophysiological (EEG/MEG) studies have recently shed new light on our understanding of how the brain processes and represents internally and externally generated input
We observed that if alpha was high under the stimulated area, frontal areas had to be synchronized in the alpha band as well in order to produce the perception of a phosphene, thereby suggesting the influence of a connection between these two regions
Three factors are important for a successful neurofeedback training: contingent feedback about the correct features acquired from the brain, good adjustment to the demands of the task, and keeping the patient motivated
Summary
Rationale An increasing amount of electrophysiological (EEG/MEG) studies have recently shed new light on our understanding of how the brain processes and represents internally and externally generated input. Similar results have been found for beta (Schubert et al, 2009) and gamma (Wyart and Tallon-Baudry, 2009) Taken together, these results suggest that the fluctuations of ongoing cortical oscillations represent certain brain states that determine the “fate” of how an incoming stimulus will be further processed. An increasing number of articles on the functional role of spontaneous alpha oscillations have been published Most of these studies use a task involving covert attention to a region left or right of a fixation cross, which detects a target in these areas. If a strong and brief magnetic pulse is applied to brain tissue associated with motor functioning via TMS, changes in corticospinal excitability can be observed (e.g., Van Der Werf and Paus, 2006) In suprathreshold stimulations, these changes result in a typical pattern of periphysiological muscle activity.
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