Probing early modification of gravity with Planck, ACT and SPT

Abstract

We consider a model of early modified gravity (EMG) that was recently proposed as a candidate to resolve the Hubble tension. The model consists of a scalar field σ with a nonminimal coupling (NMC) to the Ricci curvature of the form F(σ) = M pl 2+ξσ 2 and an effective mass induced by a quartic potential V(σ) = λσ 4/4. We present the first analyses of the EMG model in light of the latest ACT DR4 and SPT-3G data in combination with full Planck data, and find a ≳ 2σ preference for a non-zero EMG contribution from a combination of primary CMB data alone, mostly driven by ACT-DR4 data. This is different from popular `Early Dark Energy' models, which are detected only when the high-ℓ information from Planck temperature is removed. We find that the NMC plays a key role in controlling the evolution of density perturbations that is favored by the data over the minimally coupled case. Including measurements of supernovae luminosity distance from Pantheon+, baryonic acoustic oscillations and growth factor from BOSS, and CMB lensing of Planck leaves the preference unaffected. In the EMG model, the tension with SH 0ES is alleviated from ∼ 6σ to ∼ 3σ. Further adding SH 0ES data raises the detection of the EMG model above 5σ.