Abstract
Electric-field induced physical phenomena, such as thermal, mechanical and electrochemical dynamics, may be the driving mechanism behind bioeffects observed in mammalian cells during exposure to nanosecond-duration electric pulses (nsEP) in-vitro. Correlating a driving mechanism to a biological response requires the experimental measurement and quantification of all physical dynamics resulting from the nsEP stimulus. A passive and electromagnetic interference (EMI) immune sensor is required to resolve these dynamics in high strength electric fields. The probe beam deflection technique (PBDT) is a passive and EMI immune optical method for quantifying and imaging refractive index gradients in liquids and gases, both dynamic and static, with nanosecond temporal resolution. In this work, a probe beam deflection imaging system was designed to acquire 2-D time-lapse images of thermal/mechanical dynamics resulting from monopolar and bipolar nsEP stimulus.
Highlights
High-power low-energy electric pulses are implemented in a variety of industries and the near field physics for high strength (> 5kV/cm) electric fields applied in liquids has been of interest in a variety of industrial applications [1,2,3,4,5,6]
Electric-field induced physical phenomena, such as thermal, mechanical and electrochemical dynamics, may be the driving mechanism behind bioeffects observed in mammalian cells during exposure to nanosecond-duration electric pulses in-vitro
A variety of eukaryotic cell types have been exposed to nanosecond electric pulses in-vitro and have exhibited electroporation via the uptake of propidium iodide (PI), trypan blue (TB), YOPRO −1, and other membrane permeabilization indicators, into the cytoplasm
Summary
High-power (kW) low-energy (mJ) electric pulses are implemented in a variety of industries and the near field physics for high strength (> 5kV/cm) electric fields applied in liquids has been of interest in a variety of industrial applications [1,2,3,4,5,6] One such application, explores the interactions of electric fields with biology, observed on a cellular level in-vitro [1,2,3,4,5,6]. The PBDT correlates the deflection of a laser beam propagating through a media of interest with any detectable thermal or acoustic disturbance in the media. This technique has been utilized extensively in the past, for ultrasound and photoacoustic measurement, as well as imaging [17,18,19,20,21]. Utilization of PBDT to measure acoustic waves generated by nsEP in 1-D has been shown by Roth et al [18], 2-D imaging of nsEP acoustic phenomena has not been demonstrated
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