Abstract
Considering the increasing demand for electricity, and the limited water resources in Egypt, adopting nuclear power plants as a dual purpose for producing electric power and fresh water has become urgent and essential. With the decision to use the nuclear power plants in Egypt, we introduce a technical demonstration for the different techniques and capabilities of NPPs that are used to supply the energy required to produce electricity fresh water by desalination. The current sources of energy which is required for the today’s desalination methods costs much, beside its pollution effects. That motivated many countries to move towards the NPPs, which are cost competitive. In this paper, various desalination processes and the most appropriate method selected are assess and evaluated. Considering the limited fresh water resources in Egypt, different techniques used as heating sources for new desalination projects in the country, like solar systems and SMRs and their cost competitiveness have been reviewed and evaluated. The potential of adopting nuclear desalination in Egypt has been discussed and evaluated from technical and economical points of view, with the emphasis on the recent desalination capabilities. The desalination techniques were assessed according to the size, type of the nuclear reactor, electrical and thermal energy capacity, based on several technical and economical criteria. From this study, it could be inferred that, RO and MSF plants, as well as hybrid systems, are considered as energy intensive processes where energy cost is a major controlling parameter in the overall cost of desalination. Oil prices instability affect to a large extent, the cost of desalination significantly, whereas NPPs offer long term availability of fuel as well as long term fuel price stability. It has also low environmental impacts compared with other conventional desalination processes.
Highlights
Egypt lies in a semi-arid to arid region where most of its renewable fresh water is transported by the Nile River from the Ethiopian and Equatorial plateau
Desalination processes are categorized into two main types: processes using heat and process using electricity
With the decision to introduce nuclear power plants, there is a technical demonstration for the use of NPPs for supply of electricity and producing fresh water by desalination
Summary
Egypt lies in a semi-arid to arid region where most of its renewable fresh water is transported by the Nile River from the Ethiopian and Equatorial plateau. The agricultural land per capita is less than 0.12 fed, (1 fed = 4200 m2), and water is about 900 m3/y/person. Pollution is another serious threat to water and land deterioration. The future strategy is based on a demand management approach, water savings and conservation projects, which, enforce public awareness programs, inhibit sources of water pollution, enhance the use of non-conventional water and in parallel promote strong cooperation with Nile countries to develop the upper Nile main catchment. The upper Nile development projects are long-term plans, while Egypt has to do more with a limited amount of fresh water. Usage with Economical Incentives and Future Prospects sewage effluents, rainfall harvesting and conventional or nuclear desalination
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