Probabilistic analysis of blast–obstacle interaction in a crowded internal environment

Abstract

Recent terror events such as the Manchester Arena bombing and Brussels and Istanbul airport attacks featured improvised explosive devices detonated in crowded internal spaces. A blast wave that propagates in the presence of obstacles will have fundamentally different properties to those of an unimpeded blast wave. Physical processes such as reflection, diffraction, and superposition of multiple wave fronts result in highly complex and situational-dependent loading characteristics which cannot be predicted using simple tools such as those for predicting free-field blast parameters. The influence of blast–obstacle interaction within an internal environment has not yet been studied. This article uses computational fluid dynamics within a probabilistic framework to quantify the influence of obstacle density and positioning on blast loading characteristics. Two mechanisms which alter the properties of a blast wave are studied: ‘channelling’ and ‘shielding’. It is shown that channelling effects are highly localised and result in increased loading near the explosive, the effect of which increases with obstacle density. Shielding is shown to be a cumulative effect which increases with distance from the explosive, and with increasing obstacle density. Whole-domain cumulative density functions are used to derive quantitative descriptors of the loading characteristics and how they vary relative to simple benchmark cases, with a view to providing clear guidance on the development of future predictive tools.