Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are the major active compounds extracted from Iris lactea Pall. var. Chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz (I. lactea). Proanthocyanidins exhibit a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-tumor, and lowering blood lipids. However, the underlying mechanism of its regulating effect on lipid metabolism in diabetic conditions remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of I. lactea-derived proanthocyanidins on lipid metabolism in mice of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Results demonstrated a beneficial effect of total proanthocyanidins on dysregulated lipid metabolism and hepatic steatosis in high-fat-diet/streptozocin (STZ)-induced T2DM. To identify the mechanisms, six flavan-3-ols were isolated from proanthocyanidins of I. lacteal and their effects on adipogenesis and dexamethasone (Dex)-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were determined. In vitro studies showed flavan-3-ols inhibited adipogenesis and restored mitochondrial function after Dex-induced insulin resistance, being suggested by increased mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ATP contents, mitochondrial mass and mitochondrial biogenesis, and reduced reactive oxygen species. Among the six flavan-3-ols, procyanidin B3 and procyanidin B1 exhibited the strongest effects. Our study suggests potential of proanthocyanidins as therapeutic target for diabetes.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by hyperglycemia and deficits in insulin secretion or action, is one of the major chronic metabolic disorders [1]
It has been reported that mitochondrial dysfunction plays important roles in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [31]. To further demonstrate their treatment effects on T2DM, we evaluated the protective effect of flavan-3-ols on mitochondrial functions in Dex-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes
We investigated the effects of proanthocyanidins-derived flavan-3-ols on metabolism of cultured adipocytes
Summary
Diabetes mellitus (DM), characterized by hyperglycemia and deficits in insulin secretion or action, is one of the major chronic metabolic disorders [1]. It is estimated that about 700 million people worldwide will have diabetes by the mid of this century [2]. Most diabetic patients are type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with a major cause of deficient insulin signaling or insulin resistance [3]. It is well characterized that hyperglycemia exacerbates complications of diabetes [4]. Hyperlipidemia is regarded as one of the main risk factors of T2DM. Hyperlipidemia is a result of dysregulated hepatic lipid metabolism, which abnormally increases triglyceride (TG)
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