Abstract
BLEEDING AND TRANSFUSION in cardiac surgery are associated with serious adverse events, including an increased length of hospital stay, infection, return to the operating room, length of ventilation/respiratory failure, atrial fibrillation, myocardial infarction, renal failure (RF), and short-term and long-term mortality.1-5 Strategies to reduce transfusion have been advantageous. Prophylactic pharmaceutic agents focused on reducing transfusion were introduced very early on in cardiac surgery. Antifibrinolytic agents, lysine analog agents (epsilon-aminocaproic acid [EACA] and tranexamic acid [TA]) and the serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin (Bayer Pharmaceuticals Inc, West Haven, CT) were used from the mid-90s to 2007.
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