Pro/Antioxidant State as a Potential Biomarker of Schizophrenia.

Dariusz Juchnowicz,Kaja Hanna Karakuła,Joanna Rog,Anna Zalewska,Michał Dzikowski,Napoleon Waszkiewicz,Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz,Mateusz Maciejczyk

doi:10.3390/jcm10184156

Dariusz Juchnowicz, Kaja Hanna Karakuła + Show 6 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10184156

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Abstract

To allow better diagnosis and management of psychiatric illnesses, the use of easily accessible biomarkers are proposed. Therefore, recognition of some diseases by a set of related pathogenesis biomarkers is a promising approach. The study aims to assess the usefulness of examining oxidative stress (OS) in schizophrenia as a potential biomarker of illness using the commonly used data mining decision tree method. The study group was comprised of 147 participants: 98 patients with schizophrenia (SZ group), and the control group (n = 49; HC). The patients with schizophrenia were divided into two groups: first-episode schizophrenia (n = 49; FS) and chronic schizophrenia (n = 49; CS). The assessment included the following biomarkers in sera of patients: catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced glycation end products (AGEs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), dityrosine (DITYR), kynurenine (KYN), N-formylkynurenine (NFK), tryptophan (TRY), total oxidant status (TOS), nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. Maximum accuracy (89.36%) for distinguishing SZ from HC was attained with TOS and GPx (cut-off points: 392.70 and 15.33). For differentiating between FS and CS, the most promising were KYN, AOPP, TAC and NO (100%; cut-off points: 721.20, 0.55, 64.76 and 2.59). To distinguish FS from HC, maximum accuracy was found for GSH and TOS (100%; cut-off points: 859.96 and 0.31), and in order to distinguish CS from HC, the most promising were GSH and TOS (100%; cut-off points: 0.26 and 343.28). Using redox biomarkers would be the most promising approach for discriminating patients with schizophrenia from healthy individuals and, in the future, could be used as an add-on marker to diagnose and/or respond to treatment.

Highlights

This study aims to assess the usefulness of examining redox biomarkers (RB) disruption in schizophrenia as a potential biomarker of illness
The study population consisted of 98 patients who have schizophrenia (SZ group) diagnosed according to DSM 5 criteria [14], which were divided into two equal subgroups: first-episode schizophrenia (FS group; n = 49) and chronic schizophrenia (CS group; n = 49)
We performed an analysis to distinguish the schizophrenia patients sample from healthy individuals, independent of time since diagnosis

Summary

Introduction

Psychiatric research has been concerned with finding and implementing clinical practice biomarkers specific for diagnostic units [1,2]. The common genetic core of many psychiatric disorders makes searching for factors related strictly to specific diseases appear to be a huge challenge. A growing number of articles indicate many potential variables engaged in the pathophysiology of mental disorders, including schizophrenia. Despite this significant expansion of knowledge, the amount of evidence and the strength of the found factors are still insufficient to determine biomarkers, for schizophrenia [3]. Many of the promising results are contradicted by others

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