Abstract
Angiogenesis, a complex, multistep process of forming new blood vessels, plays crucial role in normal development, embryogenesis, and wound healing. Malignant tumors characterized by increased proliferation also require new vasculature to provide an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients for developing tumor. Gliomas are among the most frequent primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by increased new vessel formation. The processes of neoangiogenesis, necessary for glioma development, are mediated by numerous growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins. In contrast to other solid tumors, some biological conditions, such as the blood–brain barrier and the unique interplay between immune microenvironment and tumor, represent significant challenges in glioma therapy. Therefore, the objective of the study was to present the role of various proangiogenic factors in glioma angiogenesis as well as the differences between normal and tumoral angiogenesis. Another goal was to present novel therapeutic options in oncology approaches. We performed a thorough search via the PubMed database. In this paper we describe various proangiogenic factors in glioma vasculature development. The presented paper also reviews various antiangiogenic factors necessary in maintaining equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic processes. Furthermore, we present some novel possibilities of antiangiogenic therapy in this type of tumors.
Highlights
Malignant glioma is among the most common types of primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) [1]
Angiogenesis is controlled by some naturally occurring endogenous inhibitors, which display a broad spectrum of biological activity and may influence various angiogenic mechanisms and processes: downregulation of genes expressed in endothelial cells, interference with the formation and migration of these cells, or inhibition of the endothelial tube morphogenesis
high-grade gliomas (HGG) express some transcriptional alterations in angiogenesis-associated factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), which correlate with neovascularization in human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples [160], and the upregulation of these genes may play a role in activating the angiogenic switch
Summary
Malignant glioma is among the most common types of primary tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) [1]. The pathophysiological processes of glioma angiogenesis play key roles in the development of these tumors and their growth, already from the earliest stages [2,3]. Angiogenesis and invasion in gliomas are related with the production of a multitude of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and other proteins [4]. The aim of this literature study was to present various aspects of neoangiogenesis in gliomas. We discuss the new therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of this type of tumor
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