Abstract
In Japan, private railways have been one of the driving forces in expanding cities into the suburbs. Especially between 1910 and 1930, they have extended their networks and opened up new suburban areas. To provide for a steady number of passengers, most private railways have built department stores at their inner-city termini, while leisure facilities were built further out in the suburbs. The most important activity related to urban development has however been the construction of large suburban housing estates. Hankyu in Osaka and Tokyu in Tokyo are two private railway companies which are particularly well known as being among the largest residential developers in suburban Japan.
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