Prioritization of Secondary Education over Basic Education in Ghana: The Gains and Losses

Abstract

This paper explores the prioritization of Secondary Education over Basic Education in Ghana and its consequences for educational equity and sustainable development. Basic Education, encompassing early childhood and primary levels, forms the foundation for lifelong learning and socio-economic growth. However, Ghana’s recent policies, particularly the Free Senior High School (SHS) policy, have shifted focus towards expanding Secondary Education, leading to increased enrollment yet creating challenges at the foundational level, such as inadequate funding, infrastructure, and teaching quality. Using Human Capital Theory and Educational Ladder Theory, this study underscores the importance of Basic Education in building essential skills for higher education and employment. A mixed-methods approach comprising literature review, document analysis, and comparative case studies reveals that an overemphasis on Secondary Education may undermine foundational competencies. Key recommendations advocate targeted reforms and increased investment in Basic Education, including setting qualification standards and in-service training for early childhood educators, equitable resource allocation, and structured professional development for teachers. By aligning Basic and Secondary Education policies, Ghana can ensure continuity and coherence across educational stages, strengthening its education system’s resilience and promoting equity, inclusivity, and sustainable development.