Abstract
Antioxidants are essential in regulating various physiological functions and oxidative deterioration. Over the past decades, many researchers have paid attention to antioxidants and studied the screening of antioxidants from natural products and their utilization for treatments in diverse pathological conditions. Nowadays, as printing technology progresses, its influence in the field of biomedicine is growing significantly. The printing technology has many advantages. Especially, the capability of designing sophisticated platforms is useful to detect antioxidants in various samples. The high flexibility of 3D printing technology is advantageous to create geometries for customized patient treatment. Recently, there has been increasing use of antioxidant materials for this purpose. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in printing technology-based assays to detect antioxidants and 3D printing-based antioxidant therapy in the field of tissue engineering. This review is divided into two sections. The first section highlights colorimetric assays using the inkjet-printing methods and electrochemical assays using screen-printing techniques for the determination of antioxidants. Alternative screen-printing techniques, such as xurography, roller-pen writing, stamp contact printing, and laser-scribing, are described. The second section summarizes the recent literature that reports antioxidant-based therapy using 3D printing in skin therapeutics, tissue mimetic 3D cultures, and bone tissue engineering.
Highlights
Antioxidants are substances that can inhibit free radical-mediated oxidative stress and toxic side effects in the human body
Due to the importance of antioxidants in the protection of free radicals which may cause food spoilage or many disorders such as heart disease and cancers in humans, antioxidants have been widely investigated as a potential drug candidate or preservative using a variety of testing methods
The results showed that screen-printed electrodes (SPEs)-carbon black (CB)/MoS2 improved the sensitivity (LOD ≤ 0.17 μmol L−1) of 100-folds compared to the bare SPE electrode, showing a linear range between 0.12 and 25 μmol L−1
Summary
Antioxidants are substances that can inhibit free radical-mediated oxidative stress and toxic side effects in the human body. The noncontact deposition of inkjet printing is appropriate for printing biomaterials by maintaining the native conformation of biomaterials during the printing process, compared to other deposition methods such as vapor deposition or bioMEMS [31,34,35] In this regard, recent studies have successfully shown that the antioxidant activities of test substances could be evaluated through the inkjet-printed enzyme inhibition assays based on colorimetric detection [31,32]. The inkjet printing has excellent properties such as the consumption volume of reagents from nanoliters to picoliters, accurate placement of ejected materials, and high-throughput process These properties reduce the time and cost required to prepare a sufficient amount of analytes from natural products and enable automatic screening assays without labor-intensive steps, compared to the traditional well plate method [31,32,34]. The second section discusses the advances of 3D printing-based antioxidant therapy and is organized into the sub-categories of skin therapeutics, tissue mimetic 3D cultures, and bone tissue engineering
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