Abstract
Medical diagnostics is trending towards a more personalized future approach in which multiple tests can be digitized into patient records. In cancer diagnostics, patients can be tested for individual protein and genomic biomarkers that detect cancers at very early stages and also be used to monitor cancer progression or remission during therapy. These data can then be incorporated into patient records that could be easily accessed on a cell phone by a health care professional or the patients themselves on demand. Data on protein biomarkers have a large potential to be measured in point-of-care devices, particularly diagnostic panels that could provide a continually updated, personalized record of a disease like cancer. Electrochemical immunoassays have been popular among protein detection methods due to their inherent high sensitivity and ease of coupling with screen-printed and inkjet-printed electrodes. Integrated chips featuring these kinds of electrodes can be built at low cost and designed for ease of automation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) features are adopted in most of these ultrasensitive detection systems, with microfluidics allowing easy manipulation and good fluid dynamics to deliver reagents and detect the desired proteins. Several of these ultrasensitive systems have detected biomarker panels ranging from four to eight proteins, which in many cases when a specific cancer is suspected may be sufficient. However, a grand challenge lies in engineering microfluidic-printed electrode devices for the simultaneous detection of larger protein panels (e.g., 50–100) that could be used to test for many types of cancers, as well as other diseases for truly personalized care.
Highlights
Growing rates of incidence and mortality have made cancer a global pandemic, a key impediment for increasing life expectancy and quality of life [1,2]
The signal amplification provided through the enzyme label alone is not sufficient to reach the ultra-sensitivities required for many clinical cancer biomarker diagnoses
prostate-specific antigen (PSA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) showing reproducibility; (B–E) show amperometric peaks obtained for each biomarker and IGF-1 showing reproducibility; (B–E) show amperometric peaks obtained for each biomarker standard; and (F–I) show the calibration plots with dynamic ranges from 0.013 to 1000 fg mL−1
Summary
Growing rates of incidence and mortality have made cancer a global pandemic, a key impediment for increasing life expectancy and quality of life [1,2]. Biopsies analyze tissue morphology and cellular arrangement, but the precise location of the tumor is needed, they are highly invasive and can miss tumor cells Imaging techniques such as mammograms or colonoscopies only allow tumor detection and do not allow early diagnosis before the onset of tumor development [3,4]. A for personalized cancer diagnosis which will enable patients to access health or disease conditions early. New strategy has been developing for personalized cancer diagnosis which will enable patients to This approach rely conditions on fast, quick, sensitive, and accurate assays with no or minimum access health orwill disease early. Biomarker research focuses on protein detection for early diagnosis, post-surgery reoccurrence, and cancer staging [5,9]. The primary focus on SPEs is driven by the numerous applications of SPEs to POC devices, including the poster-child of biosensors—the glucose biosensor [25]
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