Abstract
X-rays are electromagnetic radiation emitted by electrons outside the nucleus of atoms. They typically have energies in the range of 100 eV to 500 keV, corresponding to a wavelength range from 2.5 Pm to 10 nm (Als-Nielsen and McMorrow ). Compared to visible light, X-rays have a much higher penetration power through dense materials and in particular hard X-rays (with an energy of \({>}{10\,\mathrm{\text {k}\text {eV}}}\)) have the ability to penetrate deep into matter. This was first observed by Röntgen when he discovered X-rays in 1895 (Röntgen , ). X-rays were immediately used to investigate the inner structure of materials as well as the human body and they have been exploited for various imaging applications ever since.
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