Principles of highway engineering and traffic analysis

Abstract

Chapter 1: Introduction to Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Highways and the Economy. 1.2.1 The Highway Economy. 1.2.2 Supply Chains. 1.2.3 Economic Development. 1.3 Highways, Energy and the Environment. 1.4 Highways and the Transportation System. 1.5 Highway Transportation and the Human Element. 1.5.1 Passenger Transportation Modes and Traffic Congestion.1.5.2 Highway Safety.1.5.3 Demographic Trends.1.6 Highways and Evolving Technologies.1.6.1 Infrastructure Technologies.1.6.2 Vehicle Technologies. 1.6.3 Traffic Control Technologies.1.7 Scope of Study. Chapter 2: Road Vehicle Performance. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Tractive Effort and Resistance. 2.3 Aerodynamic Resistance. 2.4 Rolling Resistance. 2.5 Grade Resistance. 2.6 Available Tractive Effort. 2.6.1 Maximum Tractive Effort. 2.6.2 Engine-Generated Tractive Effort. 2.7 Vehicle Acceleration. 2.8 Fuel Efficiency. 2.9 Principles of Braking. 2.9.1 Braking Forces. 2.9.2 Braking Force Ratio and Efficiency. 2.9.3 Antilock Braking Systems. 2.9.4 Theoretical Stopping Distance. 2.9.5 Practical Stopping Distance. 2.9.6 Distance Traveled During Driver Perception/Reaction. Chapter 3: Geometric Design of Highways. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Principles of Highway Alignment. 3.3 Vertical Alignment. 3.3.1 Vertical Curve Fundamentals. 3.3.2 Stopping Sight Distance. 3.3.3 Stopping Sight Distance and Crest Vertical Curve Design. 3.3.4 Stopping Sight Distance and Sag Vertical Curve Design. 3.3.5 Passing Sight Distance and Crest Vertical Curve Design. 3.3.6 Underpass Sight Distance and Sag Vertical Curve Design. 3.4 Horizontal Alignment. 3.4.1 Vehicle Cornering. 3.4.2 Horizontal Curve Fundamentals. 3.4.3 Stopping Sight Distance and Horizontal Curve Design. 3.5 Combined Vertical and Horizontal Alignment. Chapter 4: Pavement Design. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Pavement Types. 4.2.1 Flexible Pavements. 4.2.2 Rigid Pavements 95. 4.3 Pavement System Design: Principles for Flexible Pavements. 4.3.1 Calculation of Flexible Pavement Stresses and Deflections. 4.4 The AASHTO Flexible-Pavement Design Procedure. 4.4.1 Serviceability Concept. 4.4.2 Flexible-Pavement Design Equation. 4.4.3 Structural Number. 4.5 Pavement System Design: Principles for Rigid Pavements. 4.5.1 Calculation of Rigid-Pavement Stresses and Deflections. 4.6 The AASHTO Rigid-Pavement Design Procedure. 4.7 Measuring Pavement Quality and Performance. 4.7.1 International Roughness Index. 4.7.2 Friction Measurements. 4.7.3 Rut Depth. Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Traffic Flow and Queuing Theory. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Traffic Stream Parameters. 5.2.1 Traffic Flow, Speed, and Density. 5.3 Basic Traffic Stream Models. 5.3.1 Speed-Density Model. 5.3.2 Flow-Density Model. 5.3.3 Speed-Flow Model. 5.4 Models Of Traffic Flow. 5.4.1 Poisson Model. 5.4.2 Limitations of the Poisson Model. 5.5 Queuing Theory and Traffic Flow Analysis. 5.5.1 Dimensions of Queuing Models. 5.5.2 D/D/1 Queuing. 5.5.3 M/D/1 Queuing. 5.5.4 M/M/1 Queuing. 5.5.5 M/M/N Queuing. 5.6 Traffic Analysis at Highway Bottlenecks. Chapter 6: Highway Capacity and Level-of-Service Analysis. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Level-of-Service Concept. 6.3 Level-of-Service Determination. 6.3.1 Base Conditions and Capacity. 6.3.2 Determine Free-Flow Speed. 6.3.3 Determine Analysis Flow Rate. 6.3.4 Calculate Service Measure(s) and Determine LOS. 6.4 Basic Freeway Segments. 6.4.1 Base Conditions and Capacity. 6.4.2 Service Measure. 6.4.3 Determining Free-Flow Speed. 6.4.4 Determining Analysis Flow Rate. 6.4.5 Calculating Density and Determining LOS. 6.5 Multilane Highways. 6.5.1 Base Conditions and Capacity. 6.5.2 Service Measure. 6.5.3 Determining Free-Flow Speed. 6.5.4 Determining Analysis Flow Rate. 6.5.5 Calculating Density and Determining LOS. 6.6 Two-Lane Highways. 6.6.1 Base Conditions and Capacity. 6.6.2 Service Measures. 6.6.3 Determining Free-Flow Speed. 6.6.4 Determining Analysis Flow Rate. 6.6.5 Calculate Service Measures. 6.6.6 Determine LOS. 6.7 Design Traffic Volumes. Chapter 7: Traffic Control and Analysis at Signalized Intersections. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Intersection and Signal Control Characteristics. 7.2.1 Actuated Control. 7.2.2 Vehicle Detection. 7.2.3 Typical Phase Operation. 7.2.4 Signal Controller Operation. 7.3 Analysis of Traffic at Signalized Intersections. 7.3.1 Concepts and Definitions. 7.3.2 Signalized Intersection Analysis with D/D/1 Queuing. 7.3.3 Signalized Intersection Analysis for Level of Service. 7.4 Optimal Traffic Signal Timing. 7.5 Development of a Traffic Signal Phasing and Timing Plan. 7.5.1 Select Signal Phasing. 7.5.2 Establish Analysis Lane Groups. 7.5.3 Calculate Analysis Flow Rates and Adjusted Saturation Flow Rates. 7.5.4 Determine Critical Lane Groups and Total Cycle Lost Time. 7.5.5 Calculate Cycle Length. 7.5.6 Allocate Green Time. 7.5.7 Calculate Change and Clearance Intervals. 7.5.8 Check Pedestrian Crossing Time. 7.6 Level-of-Service Determination. 7.7 Signal Coordination. 7.7.1 Fundamental Relationships. 7.7.2 Effective Green to Cycle Length Ratio (g/C). 7.7.3 Platoon Dispersion. 7.7.4 State of the Practice. 7.7.5 Progression Quality and Level of Service Analysis. 7.8 The Progression Adjustment Factor and Arrival Type. Chapter 8: Travel Demand and Traffic Forecasting. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Traveler Decisions. 8.3 Scope of the Travel Demand and Traffic Forecasting Problem. 8.4 Trip Generation. 8.4.1 Typical Trip Generation Models. 8.4.2 Trip Generation with Count Data Models. 8.5 Mode and Destination Choice. 8.5.1 Methodological Approach. 8.5.2 Logit Model Applications. 8.6 Highway Route Choice. 8.6.1 Highway Performance Functions. 8.6.2 User Equilibrium. 8.6.3 Mathematical Programming Approach to User Equilibrium. 8.6.4 System Optimization. 8.7 Traffic Forecasting in Practice. 8.8 The Traditional Four-Step Process. 8.9 The Current State of Travel Demand and Traffic Forecasting. Appendix 8A: Least Squares Estimation. Appendix 8B: Maximum-Likelihood Estimation. Appendix A: Metric Example Problems. Appendix B: Metric End-of-Chapter Problems. Index.