Principles of Heat Transfer

Abstract

Preface. Guide to Instructors and Students. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction and Preliminaries. 1.1. Applications and History. 1.2. Units and Normalization (Scaling). 1.3. Thermal Systems. 1.4. Heat Flux Vector q. 1.5. Heat Transfer Medium. 1.6. Conservation of Energy. 1.7. Conservation of Mass, Species, and Momentum. 1.8. Scope. 1.9. Summary. 1.10. References. 1.11. Problems. 2. Energy Equation. 2.1. Nonuniform Temperature Distribution: Differential--Volume Energy Equation. 2.2. Uniform Temperature in One or More Directions: Energy Equation for Volumes with One or More Finite Lengths. 2.3. Energy Conversion Mechanisms. 2.4. Bounding--Surface and Far--Field Thermal Conditions. 2.5. Heat Transfer Analysis. 2.6. Summary. 2.7. References. 2.8. Problems. 3. Conduction. 3.1. Microscale Heat Storage and Specific Heat Capacity c p . 3.2. Microscale Conduction Heat Carriers and Thermal Conductivity k. 3.3. Steady--State Conduction. 3.4 Transient Conduction. 3.5 Distributed--Capacitance (Nonuniform Temperature) Transient: T = T(x, t). 3.6. Lumped--Capacitance (Uniform Temperature) Transient: Internal--External Conduction Number N k 0.1, T = T(t). 3.7. Discretization of Medium into Finite--Small Volumes. 3.8. Conduction and Solid--Liquid Phase Change: Stefan Number Ste l . 3.9. Thermal Expansion and Thermal Stress. 3.10. Summary. 3.11. References. 3.12. Problems. 4. Radiation. 4.1. Microscale Heat Emission: Photon and Surface Thermal Radiation Emission. 4.2. Interaction of Irradiation and Surface. 4.3. Thermal Radiometry. 4.4. Enclosure Surface Radiation Heat Transfer Q r,I Among Gray, Diffuse, and Opaque Surfaces. 4.5. Prescribed Irradiation and Nongray Surfaces. 4.6. Inclusion of Substrate. 4.7. Summary. 4.8. References. 4.9. Problems. 5. Convection: Unbounded Fluid Streams. 5.1. One--Dimensional Conduction--Convection Energy Equation. 5.2. Parallel Conduction--Convection Resistance R k,u and Conduction--Convection Number N u = Pe L . 5.3. Evaporation Cooling of Gaseous Streams. 5.4. Combustion Heating of Gaseous Streams. 5.5. Joule Heating of Gaseous Streams. 5.6. Gas--Stream Volumetric Radiation. 5.7. Summary. 5.8. References. 5.9. Problems. 6. Convection: Semi--Bounded Fluid Streams. 6.1. Flow and Surface Characteristics. 6.2. Semi--In.nite Plate as a Simple Geometry. 6.3. Parallel, Turbulent Flow: Transition Reynolds Number Re L,t 6.4. Perpendicular Flows: Impinging Jets. 6.5. Thermobuoyant Flows. 6.6. Liquid--Gas Phase Change. 6.7. Summary of Nusselt Number Correlations. 6.8. Inclusion of Substrate. 6.9. Surface--Convection Evaporation Cooling. 6.10. Summary. 6.11. References. 6.12. Problems. 7. Convection: Bounded Fluid Streams. 7.1. Flow and Surface Characteristics. 7.2. Tube Flow and Heat Transfer. 7.3. Laminar and Turbulent Flows, Entrance Effect, Thermobuoyant Flows, and Phase Change. 7.4. Summary of Nusselt Number Correlations. 7.5. Inclusion of Bounding Solid. 7.6. Heat Exchange Between Two Bounded Streams. 7.7. Summary. 7.8. References. 7.9. Problems. 8. Heat Transfer in Thermal Systems. 8.1. Primary Thermal Functions. 8.2. Thermal Engineering Analysis. 8.3. Examples. 8.4. Summary. 8.5. References. 8.6. Problems. Nomenclature. Glossary. Answers to Problems. A. Some Thermodynamic Relations. A.1. Simple, Compressible Substance. A.2. Phase Change and Heat of Phase Change. A.3. Chemical Reaction and Heat of Reaction. A.4. References. B. Derivation of Differential--Volume Energy Equation. B.1. Total Energy Equation. B.2. Mechanical Energy Equation. B.3. Thermal Energy Equation. B.4. Thermal Energy Equation: Enthalpy Formulation. B.5. Thermal Energy Equation: Temperature Formulation. B.6. Conservation Equations in Cartesian and Cylindrical Coordinates. B.7. Bounding Surface Energy Equation with Phase Change. B.8. References. C. Tables of Thermochemical and Thermophysical Properties 899 C.1. Tables. Unit Conversion, Universal Constants, Dimensionless Numbers, Energy Conversion Relations, and Geometrical Relations. Periodic Table and Phase Transitions. Atmospheric Thermophysical Properties. Electrical and Acoustic Properties. Thermal Conductivity. Thermophysical Properties of Solids. Surface--Radiation Properties. Mass Transfer and Thermochemical Properties of Gaseous Fuels. Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Liquid--Gas Surface Tension. Saturated Liquid--Vapor Properties. C.2. References. D. SOlver for Principles of Heat Transfer (SOPHT). D.1. Objective. D.2. SOPHT. List of Key Charts, Figures, and Tables. Subject Index.