Abstract
The covalent coupling of nanomaterials to bio-recognition molecules is a criticalintermediate step in using nanomaterials for biology and medicine. Here we investigate thecarbodiimide-mediated conjugation of fluorescent quantum dots to different proteins (e.g.,immunoglobulin G, bovine serum albumin, and horseradish peroxidase). To enable thesestudies, we developed a simple method to isolate quantum dot bioconjugates fromunconjugated quantum dots. The results show that the reactant concentrations and proteintype will impact the overall number of proteins conjugated onto the surfaces of thequantum dots, homogeneity of the protein–quantum dot conjugate population, quantumefficiency, binding avidity, and enzymatic kinetics. We propose general principlesthat should be followed for the successful coupling of proteins to quantum dots.
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