Abstract
NCTM's Principles and Standards for School Mathematics (2000) identifies Data Analysis and Probability as one of the five content standards for pre-K–12 mathematics and delineates learning expectations at each of four grade bands. This standard places much more emphasis on data analysis than on probability, particularly for grades pre-K through 5. Indeed, only one of the four goals in the standard directly addresses probability, and no probability learning expectations are explicitly stated for grades pre-K through 2. The standard states, however, that “instructional programs from prekindergarten through grade 12 should enable all students to understand and apply basic concepts of probability” (p. 48).
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