Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is classified as an autoimmune disease affecting a wide range of people worldwide. Beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans in the pancreases are responsible for insulin productions, which help in the exchange of blood glucose into energy. These cells were destroyed by developing particular immune mechanisms. Some newly diagnosed patients with T1D have insignificant scientific understanding of their immune system condition. Importantly, scholars found a direct relationship between hypoglycemic and innate immune response. Therefore, this review was intended to elaborate a simple scientific explanation for T1D, including T1D etiology and pathogenesis, initiation of immune response against β-cell, and immunological impact of the best therapy, in addition to the newest understanding of the cell types and immune mechanisms involved in T1D. This review included articles published from 1997 to 2022 extracted from PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar databases.
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