Primary Spontaneous Splenic Rupture: A Rare and Life-Threatening Condition

Abstract

This case report outlines the presentation, diagnosis, and management of a 26-year-old male with primary spontaneous splenic rupture, a highly uncommon clinical condition. Primary spontaneous splenic rupture necessitates a high index of suspicion for accurate diagnosis. Diagnostic Imaging, particularly abdominal CT scans, is pivotal in its detection. This case underscores the critical importance of timely recognition and intervention. Clinicians should consider various inflammatory, neoplastic, and infectious etiologies in the differential diagnosis of splenic rupture. Physical examination revealed tenderness and guarding, predominantly in the left upper quadrant and left flank. Laboratory findings indicated an elevated white blood cell count, predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Contrast-enhanced CT scan showed substantial free fluid in the acute abdomen, with high density observed around the liver and spleen. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed hemoperitoneum and spontaneous splenic rupture. This case report highlights the rarity of primary spontaneous splenic rupture and emphasises the significance of early detection and intervention. Through examination and advanced imaging techniques, clinicians can accurately diagnose and promptly manage this life-threatening condition.