Abstract
Increasing penetration levels of asynchronous wind turbine generators (WTG) reduce the ability of the power system to maintain adequate frequency responses. WTG with the installation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) as wind-storage systems (WSS), not only reduce the intermittency but also provide a frequency response. Meanwhile, many studies indicate that using the dynamic droop coefficient of WSS in primary frequency control (PFC) based on the prediction values, is an effective way to enable the performance of WSS similar to conventional synchronous generators. This paper proposes a PFC for WSS with a prediction-based droop coefficient (PDC) according to the re-bid process under real-time spot market rules. Specifically, WSS update the values of the reference power and droop coefficient discretely at every bidding interval using near-term wind power and frequency prediction, which enables WSS to be more dispatchable in the view of transmission system operators (TSOs). Also, the accurate prediction method in the proposed PDC-PFC achieves the optimal arrangement of power from WTG and BESS in PFC. Finally, promising simulation results for a hybrid power system show the efficacy of the proposed PDC-PFC for WSS under different operating conditions.
Highlights
The use of wind energy has grown rapidly in the past decade, as wind turbine generators (WTG)are fuel-free and emissions-free [1]
Authors have noticed that WTG are price-insensitive generators but suffer noticeable errors in the daily bids [36], which can be effectively reduced in the re-bid process
The Prediction-based RWSS decision block consists of two parts, the Kalman filter modified auto regressive (KF-AR) prediction part and the RWSS decision part, which operate in sequence
Summary
The use of wind energy has grown rapidly in the past decade, as wind turbine generators (WTG). WTG had no PFC function, due to the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) operation Authors such as [3,4,5] have proposed the concept of virtual inertia, in which kinetic energy stored in the spinning rotor of WTG is released depending on frequency deviations. This research shows that generally, with the support of ESS, wind-storage systems (WSS) become more reliable in PFC, but the large capacity of ESS cannot be avoided as WTG operate on the maximum power point. A dynamic schedule and control strategy for WSS in LFC is proposed in [21], and a simple wind power prediction method is used to improve the frequency regulation performance of WSS.
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