Abstract
Frequency-dependent loads inherently contribute to primary frequency response. This paper describes additional contribution to primary frequency control based on voltage-dependent noncritical (NC) loads that can tolerate a wide variation of supply voltage. By using a series of reactive compensators to decouple the NC load from the mains to form a smart load (SL), the voltage, and hence the active power of the NC load, can be controlled to regulate the mains frequency. The scope of this paper focuses primarily on reactive compensators for which only the magnitude of the injected voltage could be controlled while maintaining the quadrature relationship between the current and voltage. New control guidelines are suggested. The effectiveness of the SLs in improving mains frequency regulation without considering frequency-dependent loads and with little relaxation in mains voltage tolerance is demonstrated in a case study on the IEEE 37 bus test distribution network. Sensitivity analysis is included to show the effectiveness and limitations of SLs for varying load power factors, proportion of SLs, and system strengths.
Highlights
W ITH GROWING penetration of asynchronous inverterinterfaced generation the effective inertia of future power systems is expected to reduce drastically
This paper shows that the rating of the reactive compensator is limited to less than 10% of the load rating
The effectiveness and limitations of smart load (SL) in terms of their contribution to primary frequency control is presented in this paper
Summary
W ITH GROWING penetration of asynchronous inverterinterfaced generation (e.g., wind, solar photovoltaic, etc.) the effective inertia of future power systems is expected to reduce drastically. A SL ensures a tightly regulated voltage across the other sensitive loads connected to the mains, while varying its own power consumption and contribute to system frequency control Both the mains voltage and frequency can be simultaneously regulated if the magnitude and phase angle (with respect to the current) of the voltage injected by the compensator is controlled. The focus of this paper is restricted to SLs based on reactive (Q) compensation (SLQ) and impedance-type loads only This implies that the compensator in series with the impedance-type NC load can inject a voltage of controllable (within acceptable bounds) magnitude but only in quadrature (either leading or lagging) with respect to the current. The limitations of the SLQ are explained highlighting the possible need for a SL based on active (P) and reactive (Q) compensation (SLPQ) [22] to achieve both distributed voltage and primary frequency control simultaneously
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