Abstract
Plant morphogenesis involves multiple biochemical and physical processes inside the cell wall. With the continuous progress in biomechanics field, extensive studies have elucidated that mechanical forces may be the most direct physical signals that control the morphology of cells and organs. The extensibility of the cell wall is the main restrictive parameter of cell expansion. The control of cell wall mechanical properties largely determines plant cell morphogenesis. Here, we summarize how cell wall modifying proteins modulate the mechanical properties of cell walls and consequently influence plant morphogenesis.
Highlights
Plant development is principally orchestrated by networks of biochemical signals, and affected by biophysical restraints from internal cells and external environmental signals
Emerging evidence manifests that mechanical forces act as instructive signals to control plant morphogenesis (Sampathkumar et al, 2014; Bidhendi and Geitmann, 2019)
It is widely assumed that plant cell expansion results from irreversible yielding of the cell walls to high internal turgor pressure (Cosgrove, 1993; Boudon et al, 2015)
Summary
Plant development is principally orchestrated by networks of biochemical signals, and affected by biophysical restraints from internal cells and external environmental signals. While turgor pressure is the driving force behind cell growth, the parameter solely responsible for the control of cell expansion is the extensibility of the cell wall (Baskin, 2005; Geitmann and Ortega, 2009; Boudaoud, 2010). The tight spatiotemporal regulation of cell wall mechanics is essential for proper morphogenesis at cellular and tissue levels (Dumais et al, 2006; Boudon et al, 2015; Bidhendi and Geitmann, 2016). The primary wall is produced in growing and in dividing cells and plays a prominent role in growth and development and is the focus of this review. Primary cell walls can be described as composite materials made of cellulose microfibrils tethered by hemicelluloses and embedded within pectins and structural proteins (Figure 1A; Cosgrove, 2016; Amos and Mohnen, 2019; Chebli et al, 2021). Cellulose microfibrils are considered to be the main load-bearing components and are extremely stable and usually
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