Primary aldosteronism and essential hypertension: Assessment of cardiovascular risk at diagnosis and after treatment

Abstract

Background and aimsPrimary aldosteronism (PA), the most frequent form of secondary hypertension, is characterized by a higher rate of cardiovascular (CV) events than essential hypertension (EH).Aim of the study was to evaluate the cardiovascular risk according to the ESH/ESC 2007 guidelines, in patients with PA and with EH, at diagnosis and after treatment. Methods and resultsWe prospectively studied 102 PA patients (40 with aldosterone producing adenoma-APA and 62 with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism-IHA) and 132 essential hypertensives at basal and after surgical or medical treatment (mean follow-up period 44 months for PA and 42 months for EH).At baseline evaluation the stratification of CV risk was significantly different: the predominant risk category was the high CV risk (50% in total PA, 53% in PA matched for blood pressure values and 55% in EH), but the very high risk category was twice in PA than in EH patients (36% in total PA and 33% in matched PA vs. 17% in EH, p < 0.05). The worse risk profile of PA was due to a higher prevalence of glycemic alterations, metabolic syndrome and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (p < 0.05).After adequate treatment, the CV risk was significantly reduced becoming comparable in PA and in EH patient due to a reduction of hypertension grading, prevalence of metabolic syndrome, hypertension persistence and LVH (p < 0.05). ConclusionPatients with PA present a high CV risk, which is in part reversible after specific treatment, due both to the reduced blood pressure values and to the improvement of end-organ damage.